Clinical Evidence

Sources & References

Every assessment tool and clinical claim on HiBoop is backed by peer-reviewed research. These are the foundational studies that validate the tools we implement.

413 peer-reviewed citations, aggregated from the assessments & conditions referenced across the site.

View clinical science overview on HiBoop Labs

ADHD & Attention

Adamis D, Singh J, Coada I, Wrigley M, Gavin B, McNicholas F. Measuring clinical outcomes in adult ADHD clinics: psychometrics of a new scale, the adult ADHD Clinical Outcome Scale. BJPsych Open. 2024;10(6):e180.PMID 39397668ADHD Clinical Outcome Scale, Self-Report (ACOS-SR)
Adler LA, Spencer T, Faraone SV, et al. Validity of pilot Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) to Rate Adult ADHD symptoms. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2006;18(3):145-8.PMID 16923651ADHD Test for Adults (ASRS-v1.1)
Brevik EJ, Lundervold AJ, Haavik J, Posserud MB. Validity and accuracy of the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Self-Report Scale (ASRS) and the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) symptom checklists in discriminating between adults with and without ADHD. Brain Behav. 2020;10(6):e01605.PMID 32285644WURS-61: Wender Utah Rating Scale
Canu WH, Carlson CL. Rejection sensitivity and social outcomes of young adult men with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2007;10(3):261-75.PMID 17242422Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria Test
Canu WH, Hartung CM, Stevens AE, Lefler EK. Psychometric properties of the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale: evidence for utility in research, assessment, and treatment of ADHD in emerging adults. J Atten Disord. 2020;24(12):1648-1660.PMID 27481918WFIRS: Scoring and Interpretation Guide · Weiss Functional Impairment
Christiansen H, Hirsch O, Drechsler R, et al. German Validation of the Conners 3 Rating Scales for Parents, Teachers, and Children. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother. 2016;44(2):139–147.PMID 27008903Conners Rating Scale (Conners 3 Guide)
Conners CK, Sitarenios G, Parker JD, Epstein JN. Revision and restandardization of the Conners Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS-R): factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1998;26(4):279–291.PMID 9700520Conners Rating Scale (Conners 3 Guide)
Conners CK. Conners 3rd Edition (Conners 3) Manual. Multi-Health Systems; 2008.Conners Rating Scale (Conners 3 Guide)
Fossati A, Di Ceglie A, Acquarini E, Donati D, Donini M, Novella L, Maffei C. The retrospective assessment of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: reliability and validity of the Italian version of the Wender Utah Rating Scale. Compr Psychiatry. 2001;42(4):326-336.PMID 11458308WURS-61: Wender Utah Rating Scale
Gajria K, Kosinski M, Sikirica V, Huss M, Livote E, Reilly K, Dittmann RW, Erder MH. Psychometric validation of the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Parent Report Form in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2015;13:184.PMID 26577642WFIRS: Scoring and Interpretation Guide · Weiss Functional Impairment
Izzo VA, Donati MA, Novello F, Maschietto D, Primi C. The Conners 3-short forms: Evaluating the adequacy of brief versions to assess ADHD symptoms and related problems. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019;24(4):791–808.PMID 31074289Conners Rating Scale (Conners 3 Guide)
Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, Demler O, Faraone S, Hiripi E, Howes MJ, Jin R, Secnik K, Spencer T, Ustun TB, Walters EE. The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med. 2005;35(2):245-256.DOIADHD Screening
Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, et al. The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med. 2005;35(2):245-56.PMID 15841682ADHD Test for Adults (ASRS-v1.1)
Kessler RC, Adler LA, Gruber MJ, et al. Validity of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener in a representative sample of health plan members. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2007;16(2):52-65.PMID 17623385ADHD Test for Adults (ASRS-v1.1)
Lakes KD, Swanson JM, Riggs M. The reliability and validity of the English and Spanish Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD and Normal behavior rating scales in a preschool sample: continuum measures of hyperactivity and inattention. J Atten Disord. 2012;16(6):510-516.PMID 21807955SWAN: Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale
Rowney-Smith A, Sutton B, Quadt L, Eccles JA. The lived experience of rejection sensitivity in ADHD – A qualitative exploration. PLoS One. 2026;21(1):e0314669.PMID 41564005Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria Test
Silverstein MJ, Alperin S, Faraone SV, et al. Test-retest reliability of the adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) v1.1 Screener in non-ADHD controls from a primary care physician practice. Fam Pract. 2018;35(3):336-341.PMID 29177453ADHD Test for Adults (ASRS-v1.1)
Soler-Gutiérrez AM, Pérez-González JC, Mayas J. Evidence of emotion dysregulation as a core symptom of adult ADHD: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2023;18(1):e0280131.PMID 36608036Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria Test
Swanson JM, Schuck S, Porter MM, et al. Categorical and dimensional definitions and evaluations of symptoms of ADHD: history of the SNAP and the SWAN rating scales. Int J Educ Psychol Assess. 2012;10(1):51-70.PMID 26504617SWAN: Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale
Trejo S, Andaverde-Vega AA, Villalobos-Gallegos L, Swanson JM, Salum GA. Factor structure, measurement invariance, and scoring practices of the strengths and weaknesses of ADHD-symptoms and normal behavior. Psychol Assess. 2023;35(3):269-279.PMID 36455026SWAN: Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale
Ward MF, Wender PH, Reimherr FW. The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(6):885-890.DOIWender Utah Rating Scale for ADHD - 25 WURS-25
Ward MF, Wender PH, Reimherr FW. The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(6):885-890.PMID 8494063WURS-61: Wender Utah Rating Scale
Weiner L, Perroud N, Weibel S. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder in adults: a review of their links and risks. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019;15:3115-3129.PMID 31806978Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria Test
Weiss MD, McBride NM, Craig S, Jensen P. Conceptual review of measuring functional impairment: findings from the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale. Evid Based Ment Health. 2018;21(4):155-164.PMID 30314990WFIRS: Scoring and Interpretation Guide · Weiss Functional Impairment

Anxiety & OCD

Abramowitz JS, Deacon BJ, Olatunji BO, Wheaton MG, Berman NC, Losardo D, Timpano KR, McGrath PB, Riemann BC, Adams T, Björgvinsson T, Storch EA, Hale LR. Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Psychol Assess. 2010;22(1):180-198.PMID 20230164DOCS: Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale
Aktürk Z, Hapfelmeier A, Fomenko A, et al. Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) and 2-item (GAD-2) scales for detecting anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025;3:CD015455.PMID 40130828Anxiety Test (GAD-7 Screener)
Aldea MA, Geffken GR, Jacob ML, Goodman WK, Storch EA. Further psychometric analysis of the Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23(1):124–129.PMID 18571371FOCI: Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory
Antony MM, Coons MJ, McCabe RE, Ashbaugh A, Swinson RP. Psychometric properties of the social phobia inventory: further evaluation. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44(8):1177-1185.PMID 16257387SPIN: Social Phobia Inventory
Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56(6):893-897.DOIBAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory
Birmaher B, Brent DA, Chiappetta L, Bridge J, Monga S, Baugher M. Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): a replication study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38(10):1230-1236.PMID 10517055SCARED-P: Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders, Parent Version · SCARED (Child Anxiety Screen)
Birmaher B, Khetarpal S, Brent D, Cully M, Balach L, Kaufman J, Neer SM. The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): scale construction and psychometric characteristics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(4):545-53.PMID 9100430SCARED (Child Anxiety Screen)
Birmaher B, Khetarpal S, Brent D, Cully M, Balach L, Kaufman J, Neer SM. The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): scale construction and psychometric characteristics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(4):545-553.DOISCARED-P: Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders, Parent Version
Brown TA, Antony MM, Barlow DH. Psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in a clinical anxiety disorders sample. Behav Res Ther. 1992;30(1):33-37.PMID 1540110PSWQ Scoring Guide · Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Connor KM, Davidson JR, Churchill LE, Sherwood A, Foa E, Weisler RH. Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). New self-rating scale. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;176:379-386. PMID: 10827888.PMID 10827888Social Anxiety Test (SPIN Score Guide) · SPIN: Social Phobia Inventory
Connor KM, Kobak KA, Churchill LE, Katzelnick D, Davidson JR. Mini-SPIN: A brief screening assessment for generalized social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2001;14(2):137-140. PMID: 11668666.PMID 11668666Social Anxiety Test (SPIN Score Guide)
Eilertsen T, Hansen B, Kvale G, Abramowitz JS, Holm SEH, Solem S. The Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale: Development and Validation of a Short Form (DOCS-SF). Front Psychol. 2017;8:1503.PMID 28928693DOCS: Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale
Foa EB, Huppert JD, Leiberg S, Langner R, Kichic R, Hajcak G, Salkovskis PM. The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. Psychol Assess. 2002;14(4):485-496.PMID 12501574OCD Test (OCI-R) · OCI-R: Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised
Frare F, Perugi G, Ruffolo G, Toni C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison of clinical features. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19(5):292-298.PMID 15276662BDD Test (Body Dysmorphic Disorder)
Gönner S, Leonhart R, Ecker W. The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R): validation of the German version in a sample of patients with OCD, anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22(4):734-749.PMID 17913454OCI-R: Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised
Grös DF, Antony MM, Simms LJ, McCabe RE. Psychometric properties of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA): comparison to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Psychol Assess. 2007;19(4):369-81.PMID 18085930STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Hajcak G, Huppert JD, Simons RF, Foa EB. Psychometric properties of the OCI-R in a college sample. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42(1):115-123.PMID 14992204OCD Test (OCI-R)
Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol. 1959;32(1):50-55.PMID 13638508HAM-A: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale
Harrison A, Fernández de la Cruz L, Enander J, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;48:43-51.PMID 27393916Body Dysmorphia Test
Heimberg RG, Horner KJ, Juster HR, et al. Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Psychol Med. 1999;29(1):199-212.PMID 10077308LSAS: Scoring Guide and Severity Cutoffs · Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale · Social Anxiety Test (SPIN Score Guide)
Huppert JD, Walther MR, Hajcak G, Yadin E, Foa EB, Simpson HB, Liebowitz MR. The OCI-R: validation of the subscales in a clinical sample. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21(3):394-406.PMID 16814981OCD Test (OCI-R)
Ipser JC, Sander C, Stein DJ. Pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD005332.PMID 19160252Body Dysmorphia Test
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Löwe B. The Patient Health Questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010;32(4):345–59.PMID 20633738Anxiety Test (GAD-7 Screener) · PHQ-15 (Patient Health Questionnaire-15) · PHQ-8: Patient Health Questionnaire, Depression Scale
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Monahan PO, Löwe B. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(5):317-325.DOIGAD-7 Scoring
Liebowitz MR. Social phobia. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry. 1987;22:141-173.DOILSAS: Scoring Guide and Severity Cutoffs · Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale
Marteau TM, Bekker H. The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Br J Clin Psychol. 1992;31(3):301-6.PMID 1393159STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Mataix-Cols D, Andersson P, Rautio D, et al. Empirically informed symptom severity cutoffs for body dysmorphic disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2025;189:382-387.PMID 40578059BDD Test (Body Dysmorphic Disorder)
Matza LS, Morlock R, Sexton C, et al. Identifying HAM-A cutoffs for mild, moderate, and severe generalized anxiety disorder. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2010;19(4):223-32.PMID 20718076HAM-A: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale
McKay D, Sookman D, Neziroglu F, Wilhelm S, Stein DJ, Kyrios M, Matthews K, Veale D. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2015;225(3):236-246.PMID 25613661OCD Test (OCI-R)
Mennin DS, Fresco DM, Heimberg RG, et al. Screening for social anxiety disorder in the clinical setting: using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. J Anxiety Disord. 2002;16(6):661-673.PMID 12405524LSAS: Scoring Guide and Severity Cutoffs · Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale
Meyer TJ, Miller ML, Metzger RL, Borkovec TD. Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behav Res Ther. 1990;28(6):487-495.DOIPSWQ Scoring Guide · Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Monga S, Birmaher B, Chiappetta L, Brent D, Kaufman J, Bridge J, Cully M. Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): convergent and divergent validity. Depress Anxiety. 2000;12(2):85-91.PMID 11091931SCARED (Child Anxiety Screen)
Ong ML, Reuman L, Youngstrom EA, Abramowitz JS. Discriminative Validity of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale for Separating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder From Anxiety Disorders. Assessment. 2020;27(4):810-821.PMID 30043619DOCS: Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale
Park HJ, Kim JH, Lee JH, Heo JY, Yu BH. The usefulness of the Korean version of Penn State Worry Questionnaire for screening generalized anxiety disorder: a receiver operating characteristic analysis. Psychiatry Investig. 2014;11(1):12-17.PMID 24605118PSWQ Scoring Guide · Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Phillips KA, Hollander E, Rasmussen SA, Aronowitz BR, DeCaria C, Goodman WK. A severity rating scale for body dysmorphic disorder: development, reliability, and validity of a modified version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1997;33(1):17-22.PMID 9133747BDD Test (Body Dysmorphic Disorder)
Phillips KA, Wilhelm S, Koran LM, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: some key issues for DSM-V. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27(6):573-91.PMID 20533368Body Dysmorphia Test
Piqueras JA, Rodríguez-Jiménez T, Ortiz AG, Moreno E, Lázaro L, Storch EA. Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity of the Spanish Version of the Children's Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (C-FOCI). Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2017;48(1):166-179.PMID 27283942C-FOCI: Children's Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory
Plummer F, Manea L, Trepel D, McMillan D. Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016;39:24-31.DOIGAD-7 Scoring
Rabinowitz J, Williams JBW, Hefting N, et al. Consistency checks to improve measurement with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A). J Affect Disord. 2023;325:429-436.PMID 36638966HAM-A: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale
Rytwinski NK, Fresco DM, Heimberg RG, et al. Screening for social anxiety disorder with the self-report version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(1):34-38.PMID 18781659LSAS: Scoring Guide and Severity Cutoffs · Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale
Sandoval-Lentisco A, López-Nicolás R, López-López JA, Sánchez-Meca J. Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory and Children's Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory: A reliability generalization meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol. 2023;79(1):28-42.PMID 35849418C-FOCI: Children's Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory
Scoberg B, Hobson C, van Goozen S. Psychometric Properties and Validity of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders: Parent Version (SCARED-P) in an Early Childhood Sample. Assessment. 2024;31(7):1442-1451.PMID 38258550SCARED-P: Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders, Parent Version
Snorrason I, Jaroszewski AC, Greenberg JL, et al. Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Factor structure and construct validity of subfactors. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord. 2024;42:100881.PMID 39866242BDD Test (Body Dysmorphic Disorder)
Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press. 1970.STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Spielberger CD. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y). Consulting Psychologists Press; 1983.STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092–7.PMID 16717171Anxiety Test (GAD-7 Screener) · HAM-A: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092-1097.DOIGAD-7 Scoring
Storch EA, Kaufman DA, Bagner D, Merlo LJ, Shapira NA, Geffken GR, Murphy TK, Goodman WK. Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development, reliability, and validity. J Clin Psychol. 2007;63(9):851–859.PMID 17674398FOCI: Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory
Storch EA, Khanna M, Merlo LJ, Loew BA, Franklin M, Reid JM, Goodman WK, Murphy TK. Children's Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory: psychometric properties and feasibility of a self-report measure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in youth. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2009;40(3):467-483.PMID 19326209C-FOCI: Children's Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory
Wilhelm S, Phillips KA, Didie E, et al. Modular cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Behav Ther. 2014;45(3):314-27.PMID 24680228Body Dysmorphia Test
Wootton BM, Diefenbach GJ, Bragdon LB, Steketee G, Frost RO, Tolin DF. A contemporary psychometric evaluation of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R). Psychol Assess. 2015;27(3):874-882.PMID 25664634OCI-R: Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised

Autism & Neurodevelopment

Allison C, Auyeung B, Baron-Cohen S. Toward brief "Red Flags" for autism screening: the Short Autism Spectrum Quotient and the Short Quantitative Checklist for Autism in toddlers in 1,000 cases and 3,000 controls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;51(2):202-212.e7.PMID 22265366Autism Spectrum Quotient, Brief (AQ-10)
Aman MG, Singh NN, Stewart AW, Field CJ. Psychometric characteristics of the aberrant behavior checklist. Am J Ment Defic. 1985;89(5):492-502.PMID 3158201Aberrant Behavior Checklist
Aman MG, Singh NN, Stewart AW, Field CJ. The aberrant behavior checklist: a behavior rating scale for the assessment of treatment effects. Am J Ment Defic. 1985;89(5):485-91.PMID 3993694Aberrant Behavior Checklist
Andersen LM, Näswall K, Manouilenko I, et al. The Swedish version of the Ritvo autism and asperger diagnostic scale: revised (RAADS-R). A validation study of a rating scale for adults.PMID 21327833RAADS-R Scoring & Interpretation · Autism Traits Cutoff ≥65
Ashwood KL, Gillan N, Horder J, et al. Predicting the diagnosis of autism in adults using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaire. Psychol Med. 2016;46(12):2595-2604.PMID 27353452Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ)
Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Skinner R, Martin J, Clubley E. The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): evidence from autism spectrum conditions, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. J Autism Dev Disord. 2001;31(1):5-17.PMID 11439754Autism Spectrum Quotient, Brief (AQ-10)
Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Skinner R, Martin J, Clubley E. The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): evidence from autism spectrum conditions, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. J Autism Dev Disord. 2001;31(1):5-17.DOIAutism Spectrum Quotient (AQ)
Conner CM, Cramer RD, McGonigle JJ. Examining the diagnostic validity of autism measures among adults in an outpatient clinic sample. Autism Adulthood. 2019;1(1):60-68.PMID 36600688Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ)
Fallah MS, Shaikh MR, Neupane B, Rusiecki D, Bennett TA, Beyene J. Atypical antipsychotics for irritability in pediatric autism: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2019;29(3):168-180.PMID 30707602Aberrant Behavior Checklist
Hannon B, Mandy W, Hull L. A comparison of methods for measuring camouflaging in autism. Autism Res. 2023;16(1):12-29.PMID 36424824CAT-Q
Hull L, Mandy W, Belcher H, Petrides KV. Validation of the camouflaging autistic traits questionnaire short form (CATQ-SF). Compr Psychiatry. 2024;135:152525.PMID 39191097CAT-Q
Hull L, Mandy W, Lai MC, Baron-Cohen S, Allison C, Smith P, Petrides KV. Development and Validation of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q). J Autism Dev Disord. 2019;49(3):819-833.DOICAT-Q
Jones S, Yu ML, Brown T. Convergent validity between the school-age versions of the Sensory Processing Measure 2 (SPM2) and the Sensory Profile 2 (SP2): A pilot study. Aust Occup Ther J. 2024;71(5):718-732.PMID 38702985Sensory Processing Measure
Lai CY, Chung JC, Chan CC, Li-Tsang CW. Sensory processing measure-HK Chinese version: psychometric properties and pattern of response across environments. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(6):2636-43.PMID 21752596Sensory Processing Measure
Lundin Remnélius K, Bölte S. Camouflaging in Autism: Age Effects and Cross-Cultural Validation of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q). J Autism Dev Disord. 2024;54(5):1749-1764.PMID 36757540CAT-Q
Marcus RN, Owen R, Kamen L, Manos G, McQuade RD, Carson WH, Aman MG. A placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with irritability associated with autistic disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(11):1110-1119.PMID 19797985Aberrant Behavior Checklist
McCracken JT, McGough J, Shah B, et al; Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(5):314-21.PMID 12151468Aberrant Behavior Checklist
Miller-Kuhaneck H, Henry DA, Glennon TJ, Mu K. Development of the Sensory Processing Measure-School: initial studies of reliability and validity. Am J Occup Ther. 2007;61(2):170-5.PMID 17436839Sensory Processing Measure
Morales-Hidalgo P, Roigé-Castellví J, Vigil-Colet A, Canals Sans J. The Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST): Spanish adaptation and validation. Autism Res. 2017;10(9):1491-1498.PMID 28383173CAST: Childhood Autism Spectrum Test
Parham LD, Ecker C, Miller-Kuhaneck H, Henry DA, Glennon TJ. Sensory Processing Measure (SPM): Manual. Western Psychological Services. 2007.Sensory Processing Measure
Rausch J, Fangmeier T, Falter-Wagner CM, et al. A novel screening instrument for the assessment of autism in German language: validation of the German version of the RAADS-R, the RADS-R. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2025.PMID 39465450RAADS-R Scoring & Interpretation · Autism Traits Cutoff ≥65
Ritvo RA, Ritvo ER, Guthrie D, et al. The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R): a scale to assist the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in adults: an international validation study.PMID 21086033RAADS-R Scoring & Interpretation · Autism Traits Cutoff ≥65
Scott FJ, Baron-Cohen S, Bolton P, Brayne C. The CAST (Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test): preliminary development of a UK screen for mainstream primary-school-age children. Autism. 2002;6(1):9-31.PMID 11918111CAST: Childhood Autism Spectrum Test
Sizoo BB, Horwitz EH, Teunisse JP, et al. Predictive validity of self-report questionnaires in the assessment of autism spectrum disorders in adults. Autism. 2015;19(7):842-849.PMID 26088060Autism Spectrum Quotient, Brief (AQ-10)
Williams J, Scott F, Stott C, Allison C, Bolton P, Baron-Cohen S, Brayne C. The CAST (Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test): test accuracy. Autism. 2005;9(1):45-68.PMID 15618262CAST: Childhood Autism Spectrum Test

Bipolar Disorder

Hirschfeld RM, Williams JB, Spitzer RL, Calabrese JR, Flynn L, Keck PE, Lewis L, McElroy SL, Post RM, Rapport DJ, Russell JM, Sachs GS, Zajecka J. Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(11):1873-1875.DOIMDQ: Mood Disorder Questionnaire
Lukasiewicz M, Gerard S, Besnard A, et al. Young Mania Rating Scale: how to interpret the numbers? Determination of a severity threshold and of the minimal clinically significant difference in the EMBLEM cohort. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2013;22(1):46-58.PMID 23526724Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS): Scoring and Cutoffs
Patel NC, Patrick DM, Youngstrom EA, Strakowski SM, DelBello MP. Response and remission in adolescent mania: signal detection analyses of the Young Mania Rating Scale. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(5):628-635.PMID 17450054Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS): Scoring and Cutoffs
Samara MT, Levine SZ, Leucht S. Linkage of Young Mania Rating Scale to Clinical Global Impression Scale to Enhance Utility in Clinical Practice and Research Trials. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2023;56(1):18-24.PMID 35896419Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS): Scoring and Cutoffs
Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry. 1978;133(5):429-435.DOIYoung Mania Rating Scale (YMRS): Scoring and Cutoffs

Clinical assessments

Abidin RR. Parenting Stress Index: Manual. Pediatric Psychology Press. 1983.Parenting Stress Test
Andreasen NC, Carpenter WT, Kane JM, Lasser RA, Marder SR, Weinberger DR. Remission in schizophrenia: proposed criteria and rationale for consensus. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(3):441-449.PMID 15741458PANSS Scoring & Interpretation · Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
Andreou E, Alexopoulos EC, Lionis C, Varvogli L, Gnardellis C, Chrousos GP, Darviri C. Perceived Stress Scale: reliability and validity study in Greece. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8(8):3287-3298.PMID 21909307PSS: Perceived Stress Scale
Bagby RM, Parker JD, Taylor GJ. The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale—I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. J Psychosom Res. 1994;38(1):23–32.PMID 8126686Alexithymia Test (TAS-20 Guide) · TAS-20: Toronto Alexithymia Scale
Bagby RM, Parker JDA, Taylor GJ. Twenty-five years with the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. J Psychosom Res. 2020;131:109940.PMID 32007790TAS-20: Toronto Alexithymia Scale
Bagby RM, Taylor GJ, Parker JD. The Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale—II. Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. J Psychosom Res. 1994;38(1):33–40.PMID 8126688Alexithymia Test (TAS-20 Guide) · TAS-20: Toronto Alexithymia Scale
Barroso NE, Hungerford GM, Garcia D, Graziano PA, Bagner DM. Psychometric properties of the Parenting Stress Index–Short Form (PSI-SF) in a high-risk sample of mothers and their infants. Psychol Assess. 2016;28(10):1331–1335.PMID 26595220Parenting Stress Test
Batterham PJ, Ftanou M, Pirkis J, Brewer JL, Mackinnon AJ, Beautrais A, Fairweather-Schmidt AK, Christensen H. A systematic review and evaluation of measures for suicidal ideation and behaviors in population-based research. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(2):501-12.PMID 25496086Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS)
Bernstein EM, Putnam FW. Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1986;174(12):727–35.PMID 3783140Dissociative Experiences Scale, Brief (DES-B) · DES: Scoring Guide · Dissociative Experiences Scale · DID Test (Dissociative Identity Disorder) · Dissociation Test (DES Guide)
Bringhurst DL, Watson CW, Miller SD, Duncan BL. The reliability and validity of the Outcome Rating Scale: A replication study of a brief clinical measure. J Brief Therapy. 2006;5(1):23–30.ORS Scoring & Interpretation · Outcome Rating Scale
Burns S, Kappenberg R, McKenna A, Wood C. Brain injury: personality, psychopathology and neuropsychology. Brain Inj. 1994;8(5):413-27.PMID 7951204CAQ Score Interpretation
Busner J, Targum SD. The clinical global impressions scale: applying a research tool in clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2007;4(7):28-37.PMID 20526405CGI: Clinical Global Impression
Campbell-Sills L, Stein MB. Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. J Trauma Stress. 2007;20(6):1019-28.PMID 18157881CD-RISC: Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale
Carson N, Leach L, Murphy KJ. A re-examination of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) cutoff scores. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;33(2):379-388.PMID 28731508MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment)
Cheng C, Cheung MW, Lo BCY. Relationship of health locus of control with specific health behaviours and global health appraisal: a meta-analysis and effects of moderators. Health Psychol Rev. 2016;10(4):460-477.PMID 27556686Locus of Control Test
Chlebowski C, Green JA, Barton ML, Fein D. Using the childhood autism rating scale to diagnose autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2010;40(7):787-99.PMID 20054630CARS-2 (Childhood Autism Rating Scale)
Cleeland CS, Ryan KM. Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory. Ann Acad Med Singap. 1994;23(2):129-138.PMID 8080219Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)
Conners CK, Erhardt D, Sparrow EP. Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS): Technical Manual. Multi-Health Systems. 1999.CAARS Scoring & Interpretation · Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales (T-Score Guide)
Connor KM, Davidson JRT. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76-82.DOICD-RISC: Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale
Dalenberg CJ, Arzoumanian MA, Hennrich EJ, Estrellado JE, Dahlin K, Stevens JM, Verbeck G. Revisions to the Dissociative Experiences Scale: The DES-R and the DES-B. American Psychological Association. 2014.DOIDissociative Experiences Scale, Brief (DES-B)
De Prisco M, Oliva V, Fico G, et al. Emotion dysregulation in bipolar disorder compared to other mental illnesses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2023;53(16):7484–7503.PMID 37842774Emotion Dysregulation (DERS Guide)
Dell PF. The multidimensional inventory of dissociation (MID): a comprehensive measure of pathological dissociation. J Trauma Dissociation. 2006;7(2):77-106.PMID 16769667Multidimensional Inventory of Dissociation (MID) : Clinician Scoring Guide
Derogatis LR, Melisaratos N. The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report. Psychol Med. 1983;13(3):595-605.PMID 6622612Brief Symptom Inventory
Díaz-García A, González-Robles A, Mor S, et al. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): psychometric properties of the online Spanish version in a clinical sample with emotional disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):56.PMID 32039720PANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
Dorahy MJ, Brand BL, Sar V, et al. Dissociative identity disorder: An empirical overview. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014;48(5):402-17.PMID 24788904DID Test (Dissociative Identity Disorder)
Dubester KA, Braun BG. Psychometric properties of the Dissociative Experiences Scale. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995;183(4):231–5.PMID 7714511Dissociative Experiences Scale, Brief (DES-B) · Dissociation Test (DES Guide)
Duncan BL, Miller SD, Sparks JA, Claud DA, Reynolds LR, Brown J, Johnson LD. The session rating scale: Preliminary psychometric properties of a 'working' alliance measure. J Brief Therapy. 2003;2(1):3–12.SRS Scoring Guide · Session Rating Scale (Therapeutic Alliance)
Duncan BL. The partners for change outcome management system (PCOMS): The heart and soul of change project. Can Psychol. 2012;53(2):93–104.DOISRS Scoring Guide · Session Rating Scale (Therapeutic Alliance)
Dunlop BW, Gray J, Rapaport MH. Transdiagnostic Clinical Global Impression Scoring for Routine Clinical Settings. Behav Sci (Basel). 2017;7(3):40.PMID 28653978CGI: Clinical Global Impression
Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Fleiss JL, Cohen J. The global assessment scale: a procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976;33(6):766-771.DOIGAF (Global Assessment of Functioning)
Federici S, Bracalenti M, Meloni F, Luciano JV. World Health Organization disability assessment schedule 2.0: An international systematic review. Disabil Rehabil. 2017;39(23):2347-2380.PMID 27820966WHODAS 2.0: World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule
Flückiger C, Del Re AC, Wampold BE, Horvath AO. The alliance in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic synthesis. Psychotherapy. 2018;55(4):316–340.PMID 29792475WAI Scoring Guide · Working Alliance Inventory
Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Delgado P, Heninger GR, Charney DS. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. II. Validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46(11):1012-1016.PMID 2510699Y-BOCS (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale)
Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Fleischmann RL, Hill CL, Heninger GR, Charney DS. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46(11):1006-1011.DOIY-BOCS (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale)
Gosling CJ, Colle R, Cartigny A, et al. Measuring loneliness: a head-to-head psychometric comparison of the 3- and 20-item UCLA Loneliness Scales. Psychol Med. 2024;54(14):3821-3827.PMID 39479755UCLA Loneliness Scale
Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2004;26(1):41–54.Emotion Dysregulation (DERS Guide)
Grootenboer EM, Giltay EJ, van der Lem R, et al. Reliability and validity of the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale in clinical outpatients with depressive disorders. J Eval Clin Pract. 2012;18(2):502-507.PMID 21223457GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning)
Guy W. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology. US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1976.CGI: Clinical Global Impression
Harris K, Haddock G, Peters S, Gooding P. Psychometric properties of the Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS) in a longitudinal sample of people experiencing non-affective psychosis. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):628.PMID 34915870Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS)
Horvath AO, Greenberg LS. Development and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory. J Couns Psychol. 1989;36(2):223–233.DOIWAI Scoring Guide · Working Alliance Inventory
Islam N, Hashem R, Gad M, Brown A, Levis B, Renoux C, Thombs BD, McInnes MD. Accuracy of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment tool for detecting mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Dement. 2023;19(7):3235-3243.PMID 36934438MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment)
Jones SH, Thornicroft G, Coffey M, Dunn G. A brief mental health outcome scale — reliability and validity of the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Br J Psychiatry. 1995;166(5):654-659.PMID 7620753GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning)
Kadouri A, Corruble E, Falissard B. The improved Clinical Global Impression Scale (iCGI): development and validation in depression. BMC Psychiatry. 2007;7:7.PMID 17284321CGI: Clinical Global Impression
Kameoka VA. The Structure of the Clinical Analysis Questionnaire and Depression Symptomatology. Multivariate Behav Res. 1986;21(1):105-22.PMID 26760922CAQ Score Interpretation
Karakolias S. Seeing burnout coming: early signs and recognition strategies in health professionals. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1721220.PMID 41383329Burnout Assessment
Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(2):261-276.DOIPANSS Scoring & Interpretation · Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
Kay SR, Opler LA, Lindenmayer JP. Reliability and validity of the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenics. Psychiatry Res. 1988;23(1):99-110.PMID 3363019PANSS Scoring & Interpretation · Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
Kessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, Hiripi E, Mroczek DK, Normand SL, Walters EE, Zaslavsky AM. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med. 2002;32(6):959-976.DOIK10: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale
Kinnaird E, Stewart C, Tchanturia K. Investigating alexithymia in autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry. 2019;55:80–89.PMID 30399531Alexithymia Test (TAS-20 Guide)
Kiresuk TJ, Sherman RE. Goal attainment scaling: a general method for evaluating comprehensive community mental health programs. Community Ment Health J. 1968;4(6):443-453.DOIGAS (Goal Attainment Scaling)
Konaszewski K, Niesiobędzka M, Surzykiewicz J. Validation of the Polish version of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0237038.PMID 32776953BRS: Brief Resilience Scale
Kooiman CG, Spinhoven P, Trijsburg RW. The assessment of alexithymia: a critical review of the literature and a psychometric study of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53(6):1083-90.PMID 12479990TAS-20: Toronto Alexithymia Scale
Korczak D, Huber B, Kister C. Differential diagnostic of the burnout syndrome. GMS Health Technol Assess. 2010;6:Doc09.PMID 21289882Burnout Assessment
Krasny-Pacini A, Hiebel J, Pauly F, Godon S, Chevignard M. Goal attainment scaling in rehabilitation: a literature-based update. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2013;56(3):212-230.PMID 23562111GAS (Goal Attainment Scaling)
Krug SE. Clinical Analysis Questionnaire (CAQ) Manual. Institute for Personality and Ability Testing (IPAT). 1980.CAQ Score Interpretation
Laddis A, Dell PF. Dissociation and psychosis in dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia. J Trauma Dissociation. 2012;13(4):397-413.PMID 22651674Multidimensional Inventory of Dissociation (MID) : Clinician Scoring Guide
Lee DJ, Witte TK, Bardeen JR, Davis MT, Weathers FW. A Factor Analytic Evaluation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. J Clin Psychol. 2016;72(9):933–946.PMID 27018649Emotion Dysregulation (DERS Guide)
Leucht S, Kane JM, Kissling W, Hamann J, Etschel E, Engel RR. What does the PANSS mean? Schizophr Res. 2005;79(2-3):231-238.PMID 15982856PANSS Scoring & Interpretation · Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale · Schizophrenia Test (Symptoms & PANSS Guide)
Lin CY, Alimoradi Z, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Psychometric properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Medical Personnel (MBI-HSS-MP). Heliyon. 2022;8(2):e08868.PMID 35169645Burnout Assessment
Loera B, Converso D, Viotti S. Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) among Italian nurses: how many factors must a researcher consider? PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e114987.PMID 25501716Burnout Inventory (MBI)
López-Pina JA, Sánchez-Meca J, López-López JA, et al. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: A Reliability Generalization Meta-Analysis. Assessment. 2015;22(5):619-628.PMID 25268017Y-BOCS (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale)
Maslach C, Jackson SE. The measurement of experienced burnout. J Occup Behav. 1981;2(2):99-113.DOIBurnout Inventory (MBI)
Maslach C, Leiter MP. Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry. 2016;15(2):103-111.PMID 27265691Burnout Inventory (MBI)
Mayordomo T, Gutierrez M, Sales A. Adapting and validating the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale for elderly Spanish population. Int Psychogeriatr. 2020;32(2):183-190.PMID 31524131Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
Michel G, Baenziger J, Brodbeck J, et al. The Brief Symptom Inventory in the Swiss general population: Presentation of norm scores and predictors of psychological distress. PLoS One. 2024;19(7):e0305192.PMID 38959205Brief Symptom Inventory
Miller SD, Duncan BL, Brown J, Sparks JA, Claud DA. The outcome rating scale: A preliminary study of the reliability, validity, and feasibility of a brief visual analog measure. J Brief Therapy. 2003;2(2):91–100.ORS Scoring & Interpretation · Outcome Rating Scale
Moksnes UK, Espnes GA, Eilertsen MEB, et al. Validation of Rosenberg self-esteem scale among Norwegian adolescents — psychometric properties across samples. BMC Psychol. 2024;12(1):506.PMID 39334492Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale · Self-Esteem Test (Rosenberg Scale)
Mościcki EK, Clarke DE, Kuramoto SJ, Kraemer HC, Narrow WE, Kupfer DJ, Regier DA. Testing DSM-5 in routine clinical practice settings: feasibility and clinical utility. Psychiatr Serv. 2013;64(10):952-60.PMID 23852272Prescreen: DSM-5-TR Self-Rated Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure : Adult
Munder T, Wilmers F, Leonhart R, Linster HW, Barth J. Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised (WAI-SR): Psychometric properties in outpatients and inpatients. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2010;17(3):231–239.DOIWAI Scoring Guide · Working Alliance Inventory
Narrow WE, Clarke DE, Kuramoto SJ, Kraemer HC, Kupfer DJ, Greiner L, Regier DA. DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, Part III: development and reliability testing of a cross-cutting symptom assessment for DSM-5. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(1):71-82.DOIPrescreen: DSM-5-TR Self-Rated Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure : Adult
Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, Cummings JL, Chertkow H. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695-699.DOIMoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment)
Overall JE, Gorham DR. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychol Rep. 1962;10(3):799-812.DOIBPRS Scoring & Interpretation · Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
Perera MJ, Brintz CE, Birnbaum-Weitzman O, et al. Factor structure of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS) across English and Spanish language responders in the HCHS/SOL Sociocultural Ancillary Study. Psychol Assess. 2017;29(3):320-328.PMID 27280744PSS: Perceived Stress Scale
Posner K, Brown GK, Stanley B, et al. The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale: initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multisite studies with adolescents and adults.PMID 22193671C-SSRS Scoring Guide · Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale
Rodríguez-Rey R, Alonso-Tapia J, Hernansaiz-Garrido H. Reliability and validity of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) Spanish Version. Psychol Assess. 2016;28(5):e101-e110.PMID 26502199BRS: Brief Resilience Scale
Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press. 1965.Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale · Self-Esteem Test (Rosenberg Scale)
Rotter JB. Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychol Monogr. 1966;80(1):1-28.Locus of Control Test
Russell D, Peplau LA, Ferguson ML. Developing a measure of loneliness. J Pers Assess. 1978;42(3):290-4.PMID 660402UCLA Loneliness Scale
Russell PS, Daniel A, Russell S, Mammen P, Abel JS, Raj LE, Shankar SR, Thomas N. Diagnostic accuracy, reliability and validity of Childhood Autism Rating Scale in India. World J Pediatr. 2010;6(2):141-7.PMID 20490769CARS-2 (Childhood Autism Rating Scale)
Salminen JK, Saarijärvi S, Aärelä E, Toikka T, Kauhanen J. Prevalence of alexithymia and its association with sociodemographic variables in the general population of Finland. J Psychosom Res. 1999;46(1):75–82.PMID 10088984Alexithymia Test (TAS-20 Guide)
Samadi SA, Mahmoodizadeh A, Foladgar M, Moradi SB, Lotfi B, McConkey R. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale Second Edition (CARS2) and Its Applicability in an Iranian Sample. Autism Res. 2025;18(3):541-552.PMID 39901456CARS-2 (Childhood Autism Rating Scale)
Schaufeli WB, Desart S, De Witte H. Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) — Development, Validity, and Reliability. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(24):9495.PMID 33352940Burnout Assessment
Schopler E, Reichler RJ, DeVellis RF, Daly K. Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). J Autism Dev Disord. 1980;10(1):91-103.PMID 6927682CARS-2 (Childhood Autism Rating Scale)
Schorre BE, Vandvik IH. Global assessment of psychosocial functioning in child and adolescent psychiatry. A review of three unidimensional scales (CGAS, GAF, GAPD). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;13(5):273-286.PMID 15490275GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning)
Serafini K, Malin-Mayor B, Nich C, Hunkele K, Carroll KM. Psychometric properties of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) in a heterogeneous sample of substance users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2016;42(2):203-212.PMID 26905228PANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
Serlin RC, Mendoza TR, Nakamura Y, Edwards KR, Cleeland CS. When is cancer pain mild, moderate or severe? Grading pain severity by its interference with function. Pain. 1995;61(2):277-284.PMID 7659438Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)
Sheehan DV, Alphs LD, Mao L, et al. Comparative validation of the S-STS, the ISST-Plus, and the C-SSRS for assessing the suicidal thinking and behavior FDA 2012 suicidality categories.PMID 25520887C-SSRS Scoring Guide · Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale
Shi Q, Mendoza TR, Dueck AC, Ma H, Zhang J, Qian Y, Bhowmik D, Cleeland CS. Determination of mild, moderate, and severe pain interference in patients with cancer. Pain. 2017;158(6):1108-1112.PMID 28267060Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)
Smith BW, Dalen J, Wiggins K, Tooley E, Christopher P, Bernard J. The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. Int J Behav Med. 2008;15(3):194-200.PMID 18696313BRS: Brief Resilience Scale
Soda T, Toyama A, Takeda M, Kunisato Y, Yamashita Y. Reliability and Validity of the DSM-5 Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure in Japan: Insights into General and Specific Psychiatric Symptom Assessment. J Pers Assess. 2026;108(1):31-43.PMID 40637337Prescreen: DSM-5-TR Self-Rated Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure : Adult
Somer E, Dell PF. Development of the Hebrew-Multidimensional Inventory of Dissociation (H-MID): a valid and reliable measure of pathological dissociation. J Trauma Dissociation. 2005;6(1):31-53.PMID 16150684Multidimensional Inventory of Dissociation (MID) : Clinician Scoring Guide
Steinberg M, Rounsaville B, Cicchetti DV. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Dissociative Disorders: preliminary report on a new diagnostic instrument. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147(1):76-82.PMID 2293792DID Test (Dissociative Identity Disorder)
Subramaniam M, Abdin E, Vaingankar JA, Sagayadevan V, Shahwan S, Picco L, Chong SA. Validation of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 among older adults in an Asian country. Singapore Med J. 2020;61(5):246-253.PMID 31197373WHODAS 2.0: World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule
Sullivan MJL, Bishop SR, Pivik J. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: development and validation. Psychol Assess. 1995;7(4):524-532.DOIPain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS): Scoring and Clinical Cutoffs
Tan G, Jensen MP, Thornby JI, Shanti BF. Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory for chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain. 2004;5(2):133-137.PMID 15042521Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)
Thomas ML. Rewards of bridging the divide between measurement and clinical theory: demonstration of a bifactor model for the Brief Symptom Inventory. Psychol Assess. 2012;24(1):101-113.PMID 21767026Brief Symptom Inventory
Thomas R, Abell B, Webb HJ, Avdagic E, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ. Parent–Child Interaction Therapy: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20170352.PMID 28860132Parenting Stress Test
Tracey TJ, Kokotovic AM. Factor structure of the Working Alliance Inventory. Psychol Assess. 1989;1(3):207–210.DOIWAI Scoring Guide · Working Alliance Inventory
Turner-Stokes L. Goal attainment scaling (GAS) in rehabilitation: a practical guide. Clin Rehabil. 2009;23(4):362-370.PMID 19179355GAS (Goal Attainment Scaling)
Üstün TB, Chatterji S, Kostanjsek N, Rehm J, Kennedy C, Epping-Jordan J, Saxena S, von Korff M, Pull C. Developing the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. Bull World Health Organ. 2010;88(11):815-823.DOIWHODAS 2.0: World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule
van Spijker BAJ, Batterham PJ, Calear AL, Farrer L, Christensen H, Reynolds J, Kerkhof AJFM. The suicidal ideation attributes scale (SIDAS): community-based validation study of a new scale for the measurement of suicidal ideation. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2014;44(4):408-19.PMID 24612048Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS)
Velickovic K, Rahm Hallberg I, Axelsson U, et al. Psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in a non-clinical population in Sweden. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2020;18(1):132.PMID 32398074CD-RISC: Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale
Wallston KA, Wallston BS, DeVellis R. Development of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scales. Health Educ Monogr. 1978;6(2):160-170.PMID 689890Locus of Control Test
Wampold BE, Flückiger C. The alliance in mental health care: conceptualization, evidence and clinical applications. World Psychiatry. 2023;22(1):25–41. PMID 36640398.PMID 36640398WAI Scoring Guide · Working Alliance Inventory
Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;54(6):1063-1070.PMID 3397865PANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
Wolraich M, Brown L, Brown RT, et al. ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;128(5):1007-1022.DOIVanderbilt ADHD Scoring Calculator · Parent & Teacher Forms (NICHQ)
Wolraich ML, Lambert W, Doffing MA, Bickman L, Simmons T, Worley K. Psychometric properties of the Vanderbilt ADHD diagnostic parent rating scale in a referred population. J Pediatr Psychol. 2003;28(8):559-567.DOIVanderbilt ADHD Scoring Calculator · Parent & Teacher Forms (NICHQ)
Zanarini MC, Vujanovic AA, Parachini EA, Boulanger JL, Frankenburg FR, Hennen J. Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN-BPD): a continuous measure of DSM-IV borderline psychopathology. J Pers Disord. 2003;17(3):233-242.DOIBorderline Personality Scale - BPD Severity & Dimensional Assessment

Cognitive Screening

Creavin ST, Wisniewski S, Noel-Storr AH, et al. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of dementia in clinically unevaluated people aged 65 and over in community and primary care populations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(1):CD011145.PMID 26760674MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination)
Crum RM, Anthony JC, Bassett SS, Folstein MF. Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and educational level. JAMA. 1993;269(18):2386-2391.PMID 8479064MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination)
Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189-198.DOIMMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination)
Tombaugh TN, McIntyre NJ. The mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40(9):922-935.PMID 1512391MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination)

Depression & Mood

Angst J, Adolfsson R, Benazzi F, et al. The HCL-32: towards a self-assessment tool for hypomanic symptoms in outpatients. J Affect Disord. 2005;88(2):217–33.PMID 16125784Bipolar Test (MDQ)
Arias de la Torre J, Vilagut G, Ronaldson A, et al. Reliability and cross-country equivalence of the 8-item version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) for the assessment of depression: results from 27 countries in Europe. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2023;31:100659.PMID 37332385PHQ-8: Patient Health Questionnaire, Depression Scale
Beck AT, Steer RA, Ball R, Ranieri W. Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. J Pers Assess. 1996;67(3):588-597.DOIBDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory
Biggs JT, Wylie LT, Ziegler VE. Validity of the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1978;132:381-385.PMID 638392Zung SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale
Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:782-786.DOIEPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
Doraiswamy PM, Bernstein IH, Rush AJ, Kyutoku Y, Carmody TJ, Macleod L, Venkatraman S, Burks M, Stegman D, Witte B, Trivedi MH. Diagnostic utility of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-C16 and QIDS-SR16) in the elderly. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;122(3):226-234.PMID 20085556QIDS-SR (Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology)
Frank E, Prien RF, Jarrett RB, Keller MB, Kupfer DJ, Lavori PW, Rush AJ, Weissman MM. Conceptualization and rationale for consensus definitions of terms in major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48(9):851-5.PMID 1929776HAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23(1):56-62.DOIHAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
Henry JD, Crawford JR. The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. Br J Clin Psychol. 2005;44(Pt 2):227-239.PMID 16004657DASS-21 Scoring · Depression, Anxiety & Stress Scale Calculator
Hirschfeld RM, Calabrese JR, Weissman MM, et al. Screening for bipolar disorder in the community. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(1):53–9.PMID 12590624Bipolar Test (MDQ)
Hirschfeld RM, Williams JB, Spitzer RL, et al. Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(11):1873–5.PMID 11058490Bipolar Test (MDQ)
Johnson JG, Harris ES, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The patient health questionnaire for adolescents: validation of an instrument for the assessment of mental disorders among adolescent primary care patients. J Adolesc Health. 2002;30(3):196-204.DOIPHQ-A Scoring Guide · Adolescent Depression Screener
Jokelainen J, Timonen M, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, et al. Validation of the Zung self-rating depression scale (SDS) in older adults. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2019;37(3):353-357.PMID 31286810Zung SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale
Kocalevent RD, Hinz A, Brähler E. Standardization of the depression screener Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in the general population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013;35(5):551-555.DOIPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9
Krishnamoorthy Y, Rajaa S, Rehman T. Diagnostic accuracy of various forms of geriatric depression scale for screening of depression among older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2020;87:104002.PMID 31881393GDS-15: Geriatric Depression Scale
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med. 2002;64(2):258-266.DOIPHQ-15 (Patient Health Questionnaire-15)
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606-13.PMID 11556941Depression Test (PHQ-9 Screener)
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. 2003;41(11):1284-1292.PMID 14583691PHQ-2 Depression Screener (Patient Health Questionnaire-2)
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606-613.DOIPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9
Kroenke K, Strine TW, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Berry JT, Mokdad AH. The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. J Affect Disord. 2009;114(1-3):163-173.PMID 18752852PHQ-8: Patient Health Questionnaire, Depression Scale
Kyle PR, Lemming OM, Timmerby N, Søndergaard S, Andreasson K, Bech P. The validity of the different versions of the Hamilton Depression Scale in separating remission rates of placebo and antidepressants in clinical trials of major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016;36(5):453-6.PMID 27525966HAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
Levis B, Benedetti A, Thombs BD; DEPRESsion Screening Data (DEPRESSD) Collaboration. Accuracy of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening to detect major depression: individual participant data meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019;365:l1476.PMID 30967483Depression Test (PHQ-9 Screener)
Levis B, Benedetti A, Thombs BD. Accuracy of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening to detect major depression: individual participant data meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019;365:l1476.DOIPHQ-2 Depression Screener (Patient Health Questionnaire-2)
Levis B, Sun Y, He C, et al.; Depression Screening Data (DEPRESSD) PHQ Collaboration. Accuracy of the PHQ-2 Alone and in Combination With the PHQ-9 for Screening to Detect Major Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020;323(22):2290-2300.PMID 32515813PHQ-2 Depression Screener (Patient Health Questionnaire-2)
Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33(3):335-343.DOIDASS-21 Scoring · Depression, Anxiety & Stress Scale Calculator
Löwe B, Unützer J, Callahan CM, Perkins AJ, Kroenke K. Monitoring depression treatment outcomes with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Med Care. 2004;42(12):1194-1201.DOIPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9
Manea L, Gilbody S, McMillan D. Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): a meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2012;184(3):E191-6.PMID 22184363Depression Test (PHQ-9 Screener)
Merikangas KR, Jin R, He JP, et al. Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(3):241–51.PMID 21383262Bipolar Test (MDQ)
Montgomery SA, Åsberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;134:382-389.DOIMADRS: Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale
Osman A, Wong JL, Bagge CL, Freedenthal S, Gutierrez PM, Lozano G. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21): further examination of dimensions, scale reliability, and correlates. J Clin Psychol. 2012;68(12):1322-1338.PMID 22930477DASS-21 Scoring · Depression, Anxiety & Stress Scale Calculator
Pocklington C, Gilbody S, Manea L, McMillan D. The diagnostic accuracy of brief versions of the Geriatric Depression Scale: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(8):837–57.PMID 26890937GDS-15: Geriatric Depression Scale
Radloff LS. The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1(3):385-401.DOICES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
Ruiz-Grosso P, Loret de Mola C, Vega-Dienstmaier JM, et al. Validation of the Spanish Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scales: a comparative validation study. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e45413.PMID 23056202Zung SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale
Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Ibrahim HM, Carmody TJ, Arnow B, Klein DN, Markowitz JC, Ninan PT, Kornstein S, Manber R, Thase ME, Kocsis JH, Keller MB. The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54(5):573-583.PMID 12946886QIDS-SR (Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology)
Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontology: A Guide to Assessment and Intervention. Haworth Press. 1986:165-173.GDS-15: Geriatric Depression Scale
Toussaint A, Hüsing P, Kohlmann S, Löwe B. Detecting DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder: criterion validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) and the Somatic Symptom Scale-8 (SSS-8) in combination with the Somatic Symptom Disorder - B Criteria Scale (SSD-12). Psychol Med. 2020;50(2):324-333.PMID 30729902PHQ-15 (Patient Health Questionnaire-15)
Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Ibrahim HM, Carmody TJ, Biggs MM, Suppes T, Crismon ML, Shores-Wilson K, Toprac MG, Dennehy EB, Witte B, Kashner TM. The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Clinician Rating (IDS-C) and Self-Report (IDS-SR), and the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Clinician Rating (QIDS-C) and Self-Report (QIDS-SR) in public sector patients with mood disorders: a psychometric evaluation. Psychol Med. 2004;34(1):73-82.PMID 14971628QIDS-SR (Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology)
Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Warden D, Ritz L, Norquist G, Howland RH, Lebowitz B, McGrath PJ, Shores-Wilson K, Biggs MM, Balasubramani GK, Fava M; STAR*D Study Team. Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(1):28-40.PMID 16390886QIDS-SR (Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology)
Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res. 1982–1983;17(1):37–49.PMID 7183759GDS-15: Geriatric Depression Scale
Zimmerman M, Martinez JH, Young D, Chelminski I, Dalrymple K. Severity classification on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. J Affect Disord. 2013;150(2):384-8.PMID 23759278HAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
Zung WW. A self-rating depression scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1965;12:63-70.DOIZung SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale

Eating Disorders

Hill LS, Reid F, Morgan JF, Lacey JH. SCOFF, the development of an eating disorder screening questionnaire. Int J Eat Disord. 2010;43(4):344-351.PMID 19343793SCOFF Questionnaire
Kutz AM, Marsh AG, Gunderson CG, Maguen S, Masheb RM. Eating disorder screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test characteristics of the SCOFF. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35(3):885-893.PMID 31705473SCOFF Questionnaire
Morgan JF, Reid F, Lacey JH. The SCOFF questionnaire: assessment of a new screening tool for eating disorders. BMJ. 1999;319(7223):1467-1468.DOISCOFF Questionnaire

Functioning & Wellbeing

Andrei F, Siegling AB, Aloe AM, Baldaro B, Petrides KV. The Incremental Validity of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pers Assess. 2016;98(3):261-276.PMID 26457443Emotional Intelligence Test (EQ Assessment)
Arndt S, Sahker E, Hedden S. Does the Assessment of Recovery Capital scale reflect a single or multiple domains? Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2017;8:39-43.PMID 28790877Assessment of Recovery Capital (ARC)
Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S. The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with autism spectrum conditions and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord. 2004;34(2):163-175.DOIEmpathy Quotient (EQ)
Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S. The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with autism spectrum conditions, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord. 2004;34(2):163-75.PMID 15162935Empathy Test (EQ Score Guide) · Empathy Quotient, Short Form (EQ-10)
Ben Cherifa D, Saguem BN, Chelbi S, et al. Predictors of assertive behaviors among a sample of first-year Tunisian medical students. Libyan J Med. 2022;17(1):2095727.PMID 35775812Communication Style Test
Bjureberg J, Ljótsson B, Tull MT, et al. Development and validation of a brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: the DERS-16. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2016;38(2):284-296.PMID 27239096DERS: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (36-Item, 6 Subscales, Scoring) · Emotion Dysregulation (DERS Guide)
Brackett MA, Salovey P. Measuring emotional intelligence with the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). Psicothema. 2006;18 Suppl:34-41.PMID 17295955Emotional Intelligence Test (EQ Assessment)
Brannick MT, Wahi MM, Goldin SB. Psychometrics of Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) scores. Psychol Rep. 2011;109(1):327-337.PMID 22049672Emotional Intelligence Test (EQ Assessment)
Bru-Luna LM, Martí-Vilar M, Merino-Soto C, Cervera-Santiago JL. Emotional Intelligence Measures: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel). 2021;9(12):1696.PMID 34946422Emotional Intelligence Test (EQ Assessment)
Cavanagh N, Cockett G, Heinrich C, et al. Compassion fatigue in healthcare providers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurs Ethics. 2020;27(3):639-665.PMID 31829113Compassion Fatigue Test
Chen HW, Wu JC, Kang YN, Chiu YJ, Hu SH. Assertive communication training for nurses to speak up in cases of medical errors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Educ Today. 2023;126:105831.PMID 37121073Communication Style Test
Chrysikou EG, Thompson WJ. Assessing Cognitive and Affective Empathy Through the Interpersonal Reactivity Index: An Argument Against a Two-Factor Model. Assessment. 2016;23(6):769-777.PMID 26253573Empathy Test (EQ Score Guide)
Coccaro EF, Lee R, McCloskey MS. Validity of the new A1 and A2 criteria for DSM-5 intermittent explosive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55(2):260-7.PMID 24321204Anger Test (STAXI-2 Guide)
Dahlem NW, Zimet GD, Walker RR. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support: A confirmation study. J Clin Psychol. 1991;47(6):756–761.DOIMSPSS Scoring Guide · Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
Dear GE, Roberts CM. The Holyoake Codependency Index: investigation of the factor structure and psychometric properties. Psychol Rep. 2000;87(3 Pt 1):991-1002.PMID 11191419Codependency Test
Diamond PM, Magaletta PR. The short-form Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ-SF): a validation study with federal offenders. Assessment. 2006;13(3):227-40.PMID 16880276Anger Test (STAXI-2 Guide)
Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The Satisfaction With Life Scale. J Pers Assess. 1985;49(1):71-75.DOISWLS Scoring & Interpretation · Satisfaction with Life Scale
Diener E, Oishi S, Tay L. Advances in subjective well-being research. Nat Hum Behav. 2018;2(4):253-260.PMID 30936533SWLS Scoring & Interpretation · Satisfaction with Life Scale
Erez C, Gordon I. The imperfect yet valuable Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: factor structure, dimensionality, and possible cutoff score. Assessment. 2025;32(5):778-795.PMID 39054870DERS: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (36-Item, 6 Subscales, Scoring)
Geoffrion S, Lamothe J, Morizot J, Giguère CÉ. Construct Validity of the Professional Quality of Life (ProQoL) Scale in a Sample of Child Protection Workers. J Trauma Stress. 2019;32(4):566-576.PMID 31265178Compassion Fatigue Test
Ghasempour S, Sharif-Nia H, Nouri S, et al. Validation of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale among the Iranian adult population: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2025;20(12):e0336969.PMID 41396887Self-Esteem Test (Rosenberg Scale)
Gjengedal RGH, Lagerveld SE, Reme SE, Osnes K, Sandin K, Hjemdal O. The Return-to-Work Self-efficacy Questionnaire (RTW-SE): A Validation Study of Predictive Abilities and Cut-off Values for Patients on Sick Leave Due to Anxiety or Depression. J Occup Rehabil. 2021;31(3):664–673.PMID 33630238RTW-SE: Return-to-Work Self-Efficacy Questionnaire
Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2004;26(1):41-54.DOIDERS: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (36-Item, 6 Subscales, Scoring)
Groen Y, Fuermaier ABM, Den Heijer AE, Tucha O, Althaus M. The Empathy and Systemizing Quotient: the psychometric properties of the Dutch version and a review of the cross-cultural stability. J Autism Dev Disord. 2015;45(9):2848-2864.PMID 25911303Empathy Quotient, Short Form (EQ-10) · Empathy Quotient (EQ)
Groshkova T, Best D, White W. The Assessment of Recovery Capital: properties and psychometrics of a measure of addiction recovery strengths. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2013;32(2):187-194.DOIAssessment of Recovery Capital (ARC)
Groshkova T, Best D, White W. The Assessment of Recovery Capital: properties and psychometrics of a measure of addiction recovery strengths. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2013;32(2):187-94.PMID 22882622Brief Assessment of Recovery Capital (BARC-10)
Hansmann M, Beller J, Maurer F, Kröger C. Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Employees with Mental Disorders or Musculoskeletal Diseases after Sickness-Related Absence: Validation of the German Version of the Return-to-Work Self-Efficacy Scale. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(16):10093.PMID 36011726RTW-SE: Return-to-Work Self-Efficacy Questionnaire
Hensel JM, Ruiz C, Finney C, Dewa CS. Meta-analysis of risk factors for secondary traumatic stress in therapeutic work with trauma victims. J Trauma Stress. 2015;28(2):83-91.PMID 25864503Compassion Fatigue Test
Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris T, Stephenson D. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2015;10(2):227-37.PMID 25910392Loneliness Test
Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results From Two Population-Based Studies. Res Aging. 2004;26(6):655-672.PMID 18504506Loneliness Test
Jansen AP, van Hout HP, Nijpels G, van Marwijk HW, Gundy C, de Vet HC, Stalman WA. Self-reports on the IQCODE in older adults: a psychometric evaluation. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2008;21(2):83-92.PMID 18474717Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly, Self Report (IQCODE-SR)
Jorm AF, Jacomb PA. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): socio-demographic correlates, reliability, validity and some norms. Psychol Med. 1989;19(4):1015-1022.DOIInformant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly, Self Report (IQCODE-SR)
Jorm AF. A short form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): development and cross-validation. Psychol Med. 1994;24(1):145-153.PMID 8208879Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly, Self Report (IQCODE-SR)
Jorm AF. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): a review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2004;16(3):275-293.PMID 15559753Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly, Self Report (IQCODE-SR)
Kelbling E, Ferreira Prescott D, Shearer M, Quinn TJ. An assessment of the content and properties of extended and instrumental activities of daily living scales: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil. 2024;46(10):1990-1999.PMID 37415395IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale
Lagerveld SE, Blonk RWB, Brenninkmeijer V, Wijngaards-de Meij L, Schaufeli WB. Work-focused treatment of common mental disorders and return to work: a criterion groups validation study. J Occup Rehabil. 2010;20(2).RTW-SE: Return-to-Work Self-Efficacy Questionnaire
Lawrence EJ, Shaw P, Baker D, Baron-Cohen S, David AS. Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the Empathy Quotient. Psychol Med. 2004;34(5):911-919.PMID 15500311Empathy Quotient (EQ)
Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969;9(3):179-186.PMID 5349366IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale
Lievaart M, Franken IH, Hovens JE. Anger Assessment in Clinical and Nonclinical Populations: Further Validation of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2. J Clin Psychol. 2016;72(3):263-78.PMID 26766132Anger Test (STAXI-2 Guide)
Lin LC, Yao G. Validation of the factor structure of the WHOQOL-BREF using meta-analysis of exploration factor analysis and social network analysis. Psychol Assess. 2022;34(7):660-670.PMID 35298219World Health Organization Quality of Life, BREF (WHOQOL-BREF)
Lindley NR, Giordano PJ, Hammer ED. Codependency: predictors and psychometric issues. J Clin Psychol. 1999;55(1):59-64.PMID 10100831Codependency Test
Mackrain M. Devereux Adult Resilience Survey (DARS). Devereux Center for Resilient Children; 2013.Devereux Adult Resilience Survey (DARS)
Moeller SB, Novaco RW, Heinola-Nielsen V, Hougaard H. Validation of the Novaco Anger Scale-Provocation Inventory (Danish) With Nonclinical, Clinical, and Offender Samples. Assessment. 2016;23(5):624-36.PMID 25934160Anger Test (STAXI-2 Guide)
Molina E, Taiwo A, Grey B. Co-Dependency Revisited: An Integrative Review of Conceptualisations and Mental Health Outcomes. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2026;33(2):e70265.PMID 41958380Codependency Test
Moreland A, Schnake K, Lessard L, Davies F, Prowell K, Hubel GS. Improving Teacher Health and Well-Being: Mixed Methods Outcomes Evaluation of the Be Well Care Well Program. Early Childhood Educ J. 2025;53(5):1781–1793.DOIDevereux Adult Resilience Survey (DARS)
Mundt JC, Marks IM, Shear MK, Greist JH. The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: a simple measure of impairment in functioning. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;180(5):461-464.DOIWSAS Scoring & Interpretation · Work and Social Adjustment Scale
Nasir H, Tan CS, Pheh KS. The Executive Skills Questionnaire-Revised: Adaptation and Psychometric Properties in the Working Context of Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(17):8978.PMID 34501571Executive Skills Questionnaire, Revised (ESQ-R)
Pavot W, Diener E, Colvin CR, Sandvik E. Further validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale: evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being measures. J Pers Assess. 1991;57(1):149-161.PMID 1920028SWLS Scoring & Interpretation · Satisfaction with Life Scale
Pavot W, Diener E. Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Psychol Assess. 1993;5(2):164-172.SWLS Scoring & Interpretation · Satisfaction with Life Scale
Rahman Shah MT, Ali Shah M, Al-Mahmood MR, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation of the brief assessment of recovery capital (BARC-10) scale into Bangla. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024;103(2):e35882.PMID 38215142Brief Assessment of Recovery Capital (BARC-10)
Russell DW. UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure. J Pers Assess. 1996;66(1):20-40.PMID 8576833Loneliness Test · UCLA Loneliness Scale
Sinclair S, Raffin-Bouchal S, Venturato L, Mijovic-Kondejewski J, Smith-MacDonald L. Compassion fatigue: A meta-narrative review of the healthcare literature. Int J Nurs Stud. 2017;69:9-24.PMID 28119163Compassion Fatigue Test
Siriwardhana DD, Walters K, Rait G, Bazo-Alvarez JC, Weerasinghe MC. Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Sinhala version of Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199820.PMID 29953501IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale
Skevington SM, Lotfy M, O'Connell KA; WHOQOL Group. The World Health Organization's WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. Qual Life Res. 2004;13(2):299-310.PMID 15085902World Health Organization Quality of Life, BREF (WHOQOL-BREF)
Spreng RN, McKinnon MC, Mar RA, Levine B. The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. J Pers Assess. 2009;91(1):62-71.PMID 19085285Empathy Test (EQ Score Guide)
Strait JE, Dawson P, Walther CAP, Strait GG, Barton AK, Brunson McClain M. Refinement and psychometric evaluation of the Executive Skills Questionnaire-Revised. Contemp Sch Psychol. 2020;24:378-388.DOIExecutive Skills Questionnaire, Revised (ESQ-R)
Suzuki E, Kanoya Y, Katsuki T, Sato C. Verification of reliability and validity of a Japanese version of the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule. J Nurs Manag. 2007;15(5):530-7.PMID 17576251Communication Style Test
Tafarodi RW, Swann WB Jr. Self-liking and self-competence as dimensions of global self-esteem: initial validation of a measure. J Pers Assess. 1995;65(2):322–342.PMID 8656329Self-Esteem Test (Rosenberg Scale)
Tan CS, Nasir H, Pheh KS, Cong CW, Tay KW, Cheong JQ. The Mediating Role of Work Engagement in the Relationship between Executive Functioning Deficits and Employee Well-Being. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(20):13386.PMID 36293965Executive Skills Questionnaire, Revised (ESQ-R)
The WHOQOL Group. Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychol Med. 1998;28(3):551-558.PMID 9626712World Health Organization Quality of Life, BREF (WHOQOL-BREF)
Vilsaint CL, Kelly JF, Bergman BG, Groshkova T, Best D, White W. Development and validation of a Brief Assessment of Recovery Capital (BARC-10) for alcohol and drug use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;177:71-76.PMID 28578224Brief Assessment of Recovery Capital (BARC-10)
Zhao Q, Neumann DL, Cao X, et al. Validation of the Empathy Quotient in Mainland China. J Pers Assess. 2018;100(3):333-342.PMID 28537758Empathy Quotient, Short Form (EQ-10)
Zilioli S, Jiang Y. Endocrine and immunomodulatory effects of social isolation and loneliness across adulthood. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021;128:105194.PMID 33932766Loneliness Test
Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. J Pers Assess. 1988;52(1):30–41.DOIMSPSS Scoring Guide · Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
Zimet GD, Powell SS, Farley GK, Werkman S, Berkoff KA. Psychometric characteristics of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. J Pers Assess. 1990;55(3–4):610–617.PMID 2280326MSPSS Scoring Guide · Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support

Personality

Bartholomew K, Horowitz LM. Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;61(2):226-44.PMID 1920064Attachment Style Quiz
Edens JF, Cox J, Smith ST, DeMatteo D, Sörman K. How reliable are Psychopathy Checklist-Revised scores in Canadian criminal trials? A case law review. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(2):447-456.PMID 25486503Psychopathy Test (PCL-R): 20-Item Scoring Guide + Cutoff ≥30
Hare RD, Neumann CS. Structural models of psychopathy. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2005;7(1):57-64.PMID 15717988Psychopathy Test (PCL-R): 20-Item Scoring Guide + Cutoff ≥30
Levy KN, Kivity Y, Johnson BN, Gooch CV. Adult attachment as a predictor and moderator of psychotherapy outcome: A meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol. 2018;74(11):1996-2013.PMID 30238450Attachment Style Quiz
Mirkovic B, Speranza M, Cailhol L, et al. Validation of the French version of the McLean screening instrument for borderline personality disorder (MSI-BPD) in an adolescent sample. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):222.PMID 32398037BPD Test: 9 DSM-5-TR Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria + Scoring
Paiva TO, Pasion R, Patrick CJ, et al. Further evaluation of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure: Evidence from community adult and prisoner samples from Portugal. Psychol Assess. 2020;32(3):e1-e14.PMID 31944794Psychopathy Test (PCL-R): 20-Item Scoring Guide + Cutoff ≥30
Sibley CG, Fischer R, Liu JH. Reliability and validity of the revised experiences in close relationships (ECR-R) self-report measure of adult romantic attachment. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2005;31(11):1524-36.PMID 16207771Attachment Style Quiz
Storebø OJ, Stoffers-Winterling JM, Völlm BA, et al. Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;5(5):CD012955.PMID 32368793BPD Test: 9 DSM-5-TR Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria + Scoring
Wei M, Russell DW, Mallinckrodt B, Vogel DL. The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR)-short form: reliability, validity, and factor structure. J Pers Assess. 2007;88(2):187-204.PMID 17437384Attachment Style Quiz
Wissenburg SA, Garofalo C, Blokland AAJ, Palmen H, Sellbom M. Longitudinal Validation of the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy (LSRP) Scale in a High-Risk Dutch Community Sample. Assessment. 2022;29(3):367-384.PMID 33269603Psychopathy Test (PCL-R): 20-Item Scoring Guide + Cutoff ≥30
Zanarini MC, Horwood J, Wolke D, Waylen A, Fitzmaurice G, Grant BF. Prevalence of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder in two community samples: 6,330 English 11-year-olds and 34,653 American adults. J Pers Disord. 2011;25(5):607-19.PMID 22023298BPD Test: 9 DSM-5-TR Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria + Scoring
Zanarini MC, Vujanovic AA, Parachini EA, Boulanger JL, Frankenburg FR, Hennen J. A screening measure for BPD: the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD). J Pers Disord. 2003;17(6):568-73.PMID 14744082BPD Test: 9 DSM-5-TR Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria + Scoring

Psychosis & Schizophrenia

Kane JM, Robinson DG, Schooler NR, et al. Comprehensive Versus Usual Community Care for First-Episode Psychosis: 2-Year Outcomes From the NIMH RAISE Early Treatment Program. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(4):362-72.PMID 26481174Schizophrenia Test (Symptoms & PANSS Guide)
Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(2):261-76.PMID 3616518Schizophrenia Test (Symptoms & PANSS Guide)
Murru A, Carpiniello B. Duration of untreated illness as a key to early intervention in schizophrenia: A review. Neurosci Lett. 2018;669:59-67.PMID 27717830Schizophrenia Test (Symptoms & PANSS Guide)

Sleep

Bastien CH, Vallières A, Morin CM. Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med. 2001;2(4):297-307.PMID 11438246ISI: Insomnia Severity Index
Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2):193-213.PMID 2748771PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
Gagnon C, Bélanger L, Ivers H, Morin CM. Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index in primary care. J Am Board Fam Med. 2013;26(6):701-10.PMID 24204066ISI: Insomnia Severity Index
Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep. 1991;14(6):540-545.DOIEpworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)
Johns MW. Reliability and factor analysis of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep. 1992;15(4):376-381.PMID 1519015Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)
Mollayeva T, Thurairajah P, Burton K, Mollayeva S, Shapiro CM, Colantonio A. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index as a screening tool for sleep dysfunction in clinical and non-clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2016;25:52-73.PMID 26163057PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
Morin CM, Belleville G, Bélanger L, Ivers H. The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep. 2011;34(5):601-608.DOIISI: Insomnia Severity Index
Spira AP, Beaudreau SA, Stone KL, et al. Reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in older men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2012;67(4):433-439.PMID 21934125Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)

Substance Use

Adam A, Schwartz RP, Wu LT, et al. Electronic self-administered screening for substance use in adult primary care patients: feasibility and acceptability of the tobacco, alcohol, prescription medication, and other substance use (myTAPS) screening tool. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2019;14(1):39.PMID 31615549Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription medications, and other Substance use Tool (TAPS)
Adams LL, Gatchel RJ, Robinson RC, Polatin P, Gajraj N, Deschner M, Noe C. Development of a self-report screening instrument for assessing potential opioid medication misuse in chronic pain patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2004;27(5):440-459.PMID 15120773Pain Medication Questionnaire (PMQ)
Battersby MW, Thomas LJ, Tolchard B, Esterman A. The South Oaks Gambling Screen: a review with reference to Australian use. J Gambl Stud. 2002;18(3):257-271.PMID 12375383SOGS: South Oaks Gambling Screen
Brown RL, Rounds LA. Conjoint screening questionnaires for alcohol and other drug abuse: criterion validity in a primary care practice. Wis Med J. 1995;94(3):135-140.PMID 7778330CAGE-AID: CAGE Adapted to Include Drugs
Buelow AK, Haggard R, Gatchel RJ. Additional validation of the pain medication questionnaire in a heterogeneous sample of chronic pain patients. Pain Pract. 2009;9(6):428-434.PMID 19735363Pain Medication Questionnaire (PMQ)
Couwenbergh C, Van Der Gaag RJ, Koeter M, De Ruiter C, Van den Brink W. Screening for substance abuse among adolescents: validity of the CAGE-AID in youth mental health care. Subst Use Misuse. 2009;44(6):823-834.PMID 19444724CAGE-AID: CAGE Adapted to Include Drugs
Dhalla S, Kopec JA. The CAGE questionnaire for alcohol misuse: a review of reliability and validity studies. Clin Invest Med. 2007;30(1):33-41.PMID 17716538CAGE: Alcohol Use Disorder Screening
Dowling NA, Merkouris SS, Dias S, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of brief screening instruments for problem gambling: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2019;74:101784.PMID 31759246BBGS: Brief Biosocial Gambling Screen
Ewing JA. Detecting alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire. JAMA. 1984;252(14):1905-1907.DOICAGE: Alcohol Use Disorder Screening
Gavin DR, Ross HE, Skinner HA. Diagnostic validity of the drug abuse screening test in the assessment of DSM-III drug disorders. Br J Addict. 1989;84(3):301-307.DOIDAST-10: Drug Abuse Screening Test
Gebauer L, LaBrie R, Shaffer HJ. Optimizing DSM-IV-TR classification accuracy: a brief biosocial screen for detecting current gambling disorders among gamblers in the general household population. Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55(2):82-90.PMID 20181303BBGS: Brief Biosocial Gambling Screen
Granero R, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Aranda F, et al. Presence of problematic and disordered gambling in older age and validation of the South Oaks Gambling Scale. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0233222.PMID 32428026SOGS: South Oaks Gambling Screen
Gryczynski J, McNeely J, Wu LT, et al. Validation of the TAPS-1: A Four-Item Screening Tool to Identify Unhealthy Substance Use in Primary Care. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(9):990-996.PMID 28550609Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription medications, and other Substance use Tool (TAPS)
Humeniuk R, Ali R, Babor TF, Farrell M, Formigoni ML, Jittiwutikarn J, de Lacerda RB, Ling W, Marsden J, Monteiro M, Nhiwatiwa S, Pal H, Poznyak V, Simon S. Validation of the Alcohol, Smoking And Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). Addiction. 2008;103(6):1039-47.PMID 18373724Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST v3.1)
Knight JR, Sherritt L, Shrier LA, Harris SK, Chang G. Validity of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among adolescent clinic patients. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156(6):607-614.PMID 12038895CRAFFT: Adolescent Substance Use Screening Tool
Langan K, Wall M, Potts W, Himelhoch S. Prevalence and potential predictors of gambling disorder among people living with HIV. AIDS Care. 2019;31(4):421-426.PMID 30019914BBGS: Brief Biosocial Gambling Screen
Lawrence R, Mogford D, Colvin L. Systematic review to determine which validated measurement tools can be used to assess risk of problematic analgesic use in patients with chronic pain. Br J Anaesth. 2017;119(6):1092-1109.PMID 28981581Pain Medication Questionnaire (PMQ)
Lee CA, Smith DC, Lanker A, Clary KL. Sensitivity and specificity of the CRAFFT to identify heavy cannabis use: Evidence from a large statewide adolescent sample. Addict Behav. 2021;122:107006.PMID 34174550CRAFFT: Adolescent Substance Use Screening Tool
Leonardson GR, Kemper E, Ness FK, Koplin BA, Daniels MC, Leonardson GA. Validity and reliability of the AUDIT and CAGE-AID in Northern Plains American Indians. Psychol Rep. 2005;97(1):161-166.PMID 16279320CAGE-AID: CAGE Adapted to Include Drugs
Lesieur HR, Blume SB. The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): a new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144(9):1184-1188.PMID 3631315SOGS: South Oaks Gambling Screen
Liskow B, Campbell J, Nickel EJ, Powell BJ. Validity of the CAGE questionnaire in screening for alcohol dependence in a walk-in (triage) clinic. J Stud Alcohol. 1995;56(3):277-281.PMID 7623465CAGE: Alcohol Use Disorder Screening
McNeely J, Wu LT, Subramaniam G, et al. Performance of the Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription Medication, and Other Substance Use (TAPS) Tool for Substance Use Screening in Primary Care Patients. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(10):690-699.DOITobacco, Alcohol, Prescription medications, and other Substance use Tool (TAPS)
Mitchell SG, Kelly SM, Gryczynski J, Myers CP, O'Grady KE, Kirk AS, Schwartz RP. The CRAFFT cut-points and DSM-5 criteria for alcohol and other drugs: a reevaluation and reexamination. Subst Abus. 2014;35(4):376-380.PMID 25036144CRAFFT: Adolescent Substance Use Screening Tool
Morean ME, Krishnan-Sarin S, Sussman S, Foulds J, Fishbein H, Grana R, O'Malley SS. Psychometric evaluation of the E-cigarette Dependence Scale. Nicotine Tob Res. 2019;21(11):1556-1564.DOIEDS: E-Cigarette Dependence Scale
Newcombe DA, Humeniuk RE, Ali R. Validation of the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): report of results from the Australian site. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2005;24(3):217-26.PMID 16096125Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST v3.1)
Pienkowski M, Chaiton M, Dubray J, Schwartz R. E-Cigarette Dependence in Youth. Nicotine Tob Res. 2022;24(7):1089-1094.PMID 34936704EDS: E-Cigarette Dependence Scale
Pontes HM, Griffiths MD. Measuring DSM-5 internet gaming disorder: Development and validation of a short psychometric scale. Comput Human Behav. 2015;45:137-143.DOIInternet Gaming Disorder Scale, Short Form (IGDS9-SF)
Pontes HM, Griffiths MD. Portuguese Validation of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2016;19(4):288-293.PMID 26974853Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, Short Form (IGDS9-SF)
Poon LYJ, Tsang HWH, Chan TYJ, et al. Psychometric Properties of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form (IGDS9-SF): Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(10):e26821.PMID 34661543Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, Short Form (IGDS9-SF)
Ross HE, Gavin DR, Skinner HA. Diagnostic validity of the MAST and the alcohol dependence scale in the assessment of DSM-III alcohol disorders. J Stud Alcohol. 1990;51(6):506-513.PMID 2270059MAST (Michigan Alcohol Screening Test)
Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption--II. Addiction. 1993;88(6):791-804.DOIAUDIT Scoring
Selzer ML, Vinokur A, van Rooijen L. A self-administered Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST). J Stud Alcohol. 1975;36(1):117-126.PMID 238068MAST (Michigan Alcohol Screening Test)
Selzer ML. The Michigan alcoholism screening test: the quest for a new diagnostic instrument. Am J Psychiatry. 1971;127(12):1653-1658.DOIMAST (Michigan Alcohol Screening Test)
Teitelbaum L, Mullen B. The validity of the MAST in psychiatric settings: a meta-analytic integration. J Stud Alcohol. 2000;61(2):254-261.PMID 10757136MAST (Michigan Alcohol Screening Test)
WHO ASSIST Working Group. The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): development, reliability and feasibility. Addiction. 2002;97(9):1183-94.PMID 12199834Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST v3.1)

Trauma & PTSD

Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, Walker JD, Whitfield C, Perry BD, Dube SR, Giles WH. The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;256(3):174-86.PMID 16311898Childhood Trauma Test (ACE Score)
Baka Ł, Basińska BA. Psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI). Med Pr. 2016;67(1):29-41.PMID 27044717Burnout Test
Beck JG, Grant DM, Read JP, Clapp JD, Coffey SF, Miller LM, Palyo SA. The impact of event scale-revised: psychometric properties in a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22(2):187-98.PMID 17369016IES-R: Impact of Event Scale-Revised
Blevins CA, Weathers FW, Davis MT, Witte TK, Domino JL. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation. J Trauma Stress. 2015;28(6):489-498.DOIPCL-5: PTSD Checklist for DSM-5-TR
Bovin MJ, Marx BP, Weathers FW, et al. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychol Assess. 2016;28(11):1379-1391.DOIPCL-5: PTSD Checklist for DSM-5-TR
Bovin MJ, Marx BP, Weathers FW, Gallagher MW, Rodriguez P, Schnurr PP, Keane TM. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychol Assess. 2016;28(11):1379-1391.PMID 26653052Trauma Test (PC-PTSD-5)
Carlson EB, Putnam FW, Ross CA, et al. Validity of the Dissociative Experiences Scale in screening for multiple personality disorder: a multicenter study. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(7):1030-1036.PMID 8317572DES: Scoring Guide · Dissociative Experiences Scale · DID Test (Dissociative Identity Disorder) · Dissociation Test (DES Guide)
Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385-396.PMID 6668417Perceived Stress Scale · PSS: Perceived Stress Scale
Creamer M, Bell R, Failla S. Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Behav Res Ther. 2003;41(12):1489-96.PMID 14705607IES-R: Impact of Event Scale-Revised
Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Nachreiner F, Schaufeli WB. The job demands-resources model of burnout. J Appl Psychol. 2001;86(3):499-512.PMID 11419809Burnout Test
Edwards VJ, Holden GW, Felitti VJ, Anda RF. Relationship between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment and adult mental health in community respondents: results from the adverse childhood experiences study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(8):1453-60.PMID 12900308Childhood Trauma Test (ACE Score)
Ezzati A, Jiang J, Katz MJ, et al. Validation of the Perceived Stress Scale in a community sample of older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;29(6):645-652.PMID 24302253Perceived Stress Scale
Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;14(4):245-258.DOIACE Score
Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;14(4):245-58.PMID 9635069Childhood Trauma Test (ACE Score)
Gray MJ, Litz BT, Hsu JL, Lombardo TW. Psychometric properties of the Life Events Checklist. Assessment. 2004;11(4):330-341.PMID 15486169Life Events Checklist for DSM-5-TR (LEC-5) and Criterion A
Klein EM, Brähler E, Dreier M, et al. The German version of the Perceived Stress Scale – psychometric characteristics in a representative German community sample. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:159.PMID 27216151Perceived Stress Scale
Lesage FX, Berjot S, Deschamps F. Psychometric properties of the French versions of the Perceived Stress Scale. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2012;25(2):178-184.PMID 22528542Perceived Stress Scale
Peterson U, Bergström G, Demerouti E, et al. Burnout levels and self-rated health prospectively predict future long-term sickness absence: a study among female health professionals. J Occup Environ Med. 2011;53(7):788-93.PMID 21691218Burnout Test
Prins A, Bovin MJ, Smolenski DJ, Marx BP, Kimerling R, Jenkins-Guarnieri MA, Kaloupek DG, Schnurr PP, Kaiser AP, Leyva YE, Tiet QQ. The Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5): Development and Evaluation Within a Veteran Primary Care Sample. J Gen Intern Med. 2016;31(10):1206-11.PMID 27170304Trauma Test (PC-PTSD-5)
Prins A, Bovin MJ, Smolenski DJ, Marx BP, Kimerling R, Jenkins-Guarnieri MA, Kaloupek DG, Schnurr PP, Kaiser AP, Leyva YE, Tiet QQ. The Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5): development and evaluation within a veteran primary care sample. J Gen Intern Med. 2016;31(10):1206-1211.DOIPrimary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5-TR (PC-PTSD-5)
Pugach CP, Nomamiukor FO, Gay NG, Wisco BE. Temporal stability of self-reported trauma exposure on the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5. J Trauma Stress. 2021;34(1):248-256.PMID 33089510Life Events Checklist for DSM-5-TR (LEC-5) and Criterion A
Saggino A, Molinengo G, Rogier G, et al. Improving the psychometric properties of the dissociative experiences scale (DES-II): a Rasch validation study. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):8.PMID 31910829DES: Scoring Guide · Dissociative Experiences Scale
Senaratne DNS, Thakkar B, Smith BH, Hales TG, Marryat L, Colvin LA. The impact of adverse childhood experiences on multimorbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2024;22(1):315.PMID 39143489Childhood Trauma Test (ACE Score)
Sinval J, Queirós C, Pasian S, Marôco J. Transcultural Adaptation of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) for Brazil and Portugal. Front Psychol. 2019;10:338.PMID 30914985Burnout Test
Stevenson A, Beltran M, Misra S, et al. Trauma exposure and psychometric properties of the life events checklist among adults in South Africa. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2023;14(1):2172257.PMID 37052114Life Events Checklist for DSM-5-TR (LEC-5) and Criterion A
Tiet QQ, Tiet TN. Diagnostic accuracy of the Primary Care PTSD for DSM-5 Screen (PC-PTSD-5) in demographic and diagnostic subgroups of veterans. J Gen Intern Med. 2024;39(11):2017-2022.PMID 38506961Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5-TR (PC-PTSD-5) · Trauma Test (PC-PTSD-5)
Waller NG, Ross CA. The prevalence and biometric structure of pathological dissociation in the general population: taxometric and behavior genetic findings. J Abnorm Psychol. 1997;106(4):499-510.PMID 9358680Dissociation Test (DES Guide)
Weiss DS, Marmar CR. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM, eds. Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD. Guilford Press. 1997:399-411.IES-R: Impact of Event Scale-Revised
Williamson MLC, Stickley MM, Armstrong TW, Jackson K, Console K. Diagnostic accuracy of the Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5) within a civilian primary care sample. J Clin Psychol. 2022;78(11):2299-2308.PMID 35763419Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5-TR (PC-PTSD-5) · Trauma Test (PC-PTSD-5)

All references are derived from institutional guidelines, clinical practice standards, and peer-reviewed research indexed via PubMed , the World Health Organization (WHO), and governmental health repositories. To request clinical documentation or additional citations, contact us.