[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"condition-adhd":3},{"id":4,"title":5,"abbr":6,"assessments":7,"bgClass":35,"body":36,"category":6,"comorbidities":43,"description":73,"dsmCriteria":74,"etiology":109,"extension":145,"heroSubtitle":146,"heroTitle":147,"icdCode":148,"icon":92,"iconClass":149,"labelClass":6,"lastReviewed":6,"meta":150,"name":173,"navigation":174,"onsetAge":175,"path":176,"prevalence":177,"ratio":178,"responseRate":179,"seo":180,"slug":181,"sources":182,"stem":201,"takeaways":6,"tools":6,"treatments":202,"__hash__":240},"conditions\u002Fconditions\u002Fadhd.md","ADHD Clinical Guide: DSM-5-TR, ASRS Protocols and Treatment",null,[8,15,22,29],{"name":9,"fullName":10,"description":11,"scoring":12,"timeframe":13,"icon":14},"ASRS-5","Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale","6-item screener validated for adult ADHD detection in clinical settings.","4+ symptoms (often\u002Fvery often) suggests ADHD; full 18-item version available for detailed assessment","2-5 minutes (screener), 5-10 minutes (full)","ph:clipboard-text",{"name":16,"fullName":17,"description":18,"scoring":19,"timeframe":20,"icon":21},"Conners 3","Conners Detailed Behavior Rating Scales","Multi-informant assessment for children\u002Fadolescents covering ADHD symptoms and related problems.","T-scores: \u003C60 average, 60-64 high average, 65-69 elevated, 70+ very elevated","15-20 minutes per rater","ph:users-three",{"name":23,"fullName":24,"description":25,"scoring":26,"timeframe":27,"icon":28},"CAARS","Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales","Criterion-standard adult ADHD assessment with self-report and observer forms.","T-scores guide severity; DSM-5-TR symptom count aids diagnosis","10-15 minutes","ph:user",{"name":30,"fullName":31,"description":32,"scoring":33,"timeframe":27,"icon":34},"BRIEF","Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function","Assesses real-world executive function deficits across 8 domains.","T-scores ≥65 clinically elevated; examines working memory, planning, organization","ph:brain","bg-blue-500\u002F10",{"type":37,"value":38,"toc":39},"minimark",[],{"title":40,"searchDepth":41,"depth":41,"links":42},"",2,[],[44,49,54,59,64,69],{"condition":45,"prevalence":46,"note":47,"icon":48},"Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)","40-60%","Especially in childhood ADHD; defiance often related to impulsivity and emotional dysregulation","ph:warning-octagon",{"condition":50,"prevalence":51,"note":52,"icon":53},"Anxiety Disorders","25-50%","GAD most common; chronic stress from ADHD-related failures contributes","ph:warning-circle",{"condition":55,"prevalence":56,"note":57,"icon":58},"Major Depressive Disorder","18-30%","Often secondary to chronic impairment and low self-esteem from ADHD","ph:cloud-rain",{"condition":60,"prevalence":61,"note":62,"icon":63},"Learning Disabilities","30-50%","Dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia commonly co-occur; require separate assessment","ph:book-open",{"condition":65,"prevalence":66,"note":67,"icon":68},"Substance Use Disorders","15-25%","Higher risk in untreated ADHD; self-medication hypothesis","ph:pill",{"condition":70,"prevalence":51,"note":71,"icon":72},"Sleep Disorders","Delayed sleep phase, insomnia, restless leg syndrome frequent","ph:moon","Clinical guide to ADHD: assessment protocols (ASRS, Conners), diagnostic criteria, comorbidities, and evidence-based treatment including medication and CBT.",[75,89,103],{"title":76,"subtitle":77,"icon":78,"items":79},"Predominantly Inattentive","6+ inattention symptoms (5+ for ages 17+)","ph:eye-slash",[80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88],"Fails to give close attention to details","Difficulty sustaining attention","Does not seem to listen","Does not follow through on instructions","Difficulty organizing tasks","Avoids tasks requiring sustained mental effort","Loses things necessary for tasks","Easily distracted","Forgetful in daily activities",{"title":90,"subtitle":91,"icon":92,"items":93},"Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive","6+ hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms (5+ for ages 17+)","ph:lightning",[94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102],"Fidgets with hands\u002Ffeet or squirms","Leaves seat when remaining seated expected","Runs\u002Fclimbs inappropriately (restlessness in adults)","Unable to engage quietly in leisure","On the go or driven by a motor","Talks excessively","Blurts out answers","Difficulty waiting turn","Interrupts or intrudes on others",{"title":104,"subtitle":105,"icon":106,"note":107,"items":108},"Combined Presentation","Meets criteria for both inattention AND hyperactivity-impulsivity","ph:intersect","\u003Cstrong>Most common presentation\u003C\u002Fstrong> (~60% of diagnosed cases). Symptoms from both categories present simultaneously.",[],[110,118,127,136],{"category":111,"factors":112,"icon":34,"color":117},"Neurobiological",[113,114,115,116],"Frontostriatal circuit dysfunction (prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia)","Dopamine and norepinephrine dysregulation","Delayed cortical maturation (3-5 year lag in children)","Reduced volume in caudate nucleus, corpus callosum, cerebellum","primary",{"category":119,"factors":120,"icon":125,"color":126},"Genetic",[121,122,123,124],"Heritability: 70-80% (strongest genetic component in psychiatry)","Polygenic risk involving 100+ genes","DRD4, DRD5, DAT1, 5-HTT genes implicated","First-degree relatives have 4-5x increased risk","ph:dna","secondary",{"category":128,"factors":129,"icon":134,"color":135},"Environmental",[130,131,132,133],"Prenatal exposure: nicotine, alcohol, lead","Prematurity and low birth weight","Traumatic brain injury in early childhood","Severe early deprivation (e.g., institutional rearing)","ph:globe","accent",{"category":137,"factors":138,"icon":143,"color":144},"Neuropsychological",[139,140,141,142],"Executive function deficits: working memory, inhibition, planning","Delay aversion (preference for immediate rewards)","Temporal processing impairments","Arousal\u002Factivation regulation difficulties","ph:lightbulb","info","md","A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development.","Attention-Deficit\u002F \u003Cbr \u002F> \u003Cspan class='text-gradient-flow'>Hyperactivity Disorder\u003C\u002Fspan>","F90.2","text-blue-500",{"faqs":151},[152,155,158,161,164,167,170],{"question":153,"answer":154},"What is ADHD?","Attention-Deficit\u002FHyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined in the DSM-5-TR (ICD-11 codes F90.0, F90.1, F90.2) by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. Symptoms must be present before age 12, occur in two or more settings (home, school, work), and produce clinically significant impairment. Three presentations are recognized: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined.",{"question":156,"answer":157},"What are the symptoms of ADHD?","Core symptoms cluster into two domains. Inattention symptoms include difficulty sustaining attention, careless mistakes, not following through on tasks, losing items, distractibility, and forgetfulness. Hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms include fidgeting, restlessness, excessive talking, blurting answers, difficulty waiting turn, and interrupting others. Adults typically present with internal restlessness, executive function deficits, time blindness, and emotional dysregulation rather than overt hyperactivity. Six or more symptoms (five for adults 17+) in either domain meet the diagnostic threshold.",{"question":159,"answer":160},"How is ADHD diagnosed?","Diagnosis requires a clinician using DSM-5-TR criteria, typically a psychiatrist, psychologist, primary care physician, or psychiatric nurse practitioner. Validated screening scales support the workup: ASRS-5 (6 items, free) and CAARS for adults; Conners 3 and Vanderbilt for children with parent and teacher informants. Symptoms must be present before age 12, occur in two or more settings, and not be better explained by another condition. A full clinical evaluation rules out mimics like sleep disorders, thyroid dysfunction, anxiety, and substance use.",{"question":162,"answer":163},"What causes ADHD?","ADHD has the strongest genetic component in psychiatry, with heritability estimates of 70 to 80 percent. Polygenic risk involves more than 100 implicated genes, including DRD4, DRD5, DAT1, and 5-HTT. Neurobiologically, ADHD reflects frontostriatal circuit dysfunction, dopamine and norepinephrine dysregulation, and a 3 to 5 year delay in cortical maturation in children. Environmental contributors include prenatal exposure to nicotine, alcohol, or lead, prematurity, low birth weight, traumatic brain injury, and severe early deprivation.",{"question":165,"answer":166},"How is ADHD treated?","First-line treatment combines medication and behavioral or cognitive-behavioral therapy. Stimulants (methylphenidate, amphetamine salts) produce a 70 to 80 percent response rate with effect sizes around 0.9 to 1.0; non-stimulants (atomoxetine, guanfacine, clonidine) are alternatives for stimulant non-responders. CBT for ADHD targets executive function deficits, organization, and emotional regulation. Children benefit from behavioral parent training. School and workplace accommodations under IDEA, Section 504, or ADA support functional outcomes.",{"question":168,"answer":169},"Can ADHD be cured?","ADHD is a chronic neurodevelopmental condition managed rather than cured. Approximately 60 to 70 percent of children diagnosed with ADHD continue to meet criteria into adulthood, though presentation often shifts from overt hyperactivity to internal restlessness and executive function challenges. With appropriate treatment, including medication, therapy, and accommodations, most patients achieve substantial functional improvement. Long-term outcomes are strongly tied to early identification, treatment continuity, and management of comorbid conditions like anxiety, depression, and learning disabilities.",{"question":171,"answer":172},"How long does ADHD last?","ADHD is lifelong for the majority of patients. Symptoms emerge before age 12 and persist into adulthood in 60 to 70 percent of cases, though the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation often softens into the inattentive presentation by adolescence and adulthood. Untreated adult ADHD is associated with elevated risk of substance use disorders, mood and anxiety disorders, occupational instability, and motor vehicle accidents. Sustained treatment, including medication and skills-based therapy, is the established approach to managing the condition across the lifespan.","Attention-Deficit\u002FHyperactivity Disorder",true,"~7","\u002Fconditions\u002Fadhd","5-7%","2:1","70-80%",{"title":5,"description":73},"adhd",[183,186,189,192,195,198],{"title":184,"citation":185,"icon":14},"ASRS Validation","Kessler RC, Adler L, et al. The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale. Psychol Med. 2005;35(2):245-256.",{"title":187,"citation":188,"icon":63},"DSM-5-TR Criteria","American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). 2022.",{"title":190,"citation":191,"icon":92},"Stimulant Medication Efficacy","Faraone SV, Biederman J, et al. Efficacy of stimulants for ADHD: A meta-analysis. J Atten Disord. 2004;7(4):205-214.",{"title":193,"citation":194,"icon":34},"Neurobiological Mechanisms","Volkow ND, Wang GJ, et al. Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD. JAMA. 2009;302(10):1084-1091.",{"title":196,"citation":197,"icon":125},"Genetic Studies","Faraone SV, Larsson H. Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24(4):562-575.",{"title":199,"citation":200,"icon":106},"Multimodal Treatment (MTA Study)","MTA Cooperative Group. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for ADHD. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(12):1073-1086.","conditions\u002Fadhd",[203,209,214,220,226,233],{"name":204,"type":205,"description":206,"efficacy":207,"notes":208,"icon":92},"Stimulant Medications","First-line","Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta) or amphetamines (Adderall, Vyvanse). Increase dopamine\u002Fnorepinephrine.","70-80% response rate; effect size 0.9-1.0","Immediate and extended-release formulations; titrate to optimal dose",{"name":210,"type":205,"description":211,"efficacy":212,"notes":213,"icon":68},"Non-Stimulant Medications","Atomoxetine (Strattera), guanfacine (Intuniv), clonidine. For stimulant non-responders or contraindications.","50-60% response rate; lower effect size than stimulants","Atomoxetine: 4-6 weeks for full effect; alpha-agonists for hyperactivity",{"name":215,"type":216,"description":217,"efficacy":218,"notes":219,"icon":34},"CBT for ADHD","Adjunct","Structured therapy targeting organization, time management, emotional regulation, cognitive distortions.","Moderate effect sizes; best combined with medication","Addresses functional impairment not fully resolved by meds alone",{"name":221,"type":216,"description":222,"efficacy":223,"notes":224,"icon":225},"ADHD Coaching","Goal-oriented support for executive function challenges, accountability, skill-building.","Improves daily functioning and goal attainment","Not a substitute for therapy; focuses on practical implementation","ph:chalkboard-teacher",{"name":227,"type":228,"description":229,"efficacy":230,"notes":231,"icon":232},"Behavioral Parent Training","First-line (children)","Teaches parents behavior modification techniques: positive reinforcement, token economies, time-out.","Strong evidence for reducing ODD symptoms and improving compliance","Recommended before or alongside medication for children","ph:users",{"name":234,"type":235,"description":236,"efficacy":237,"notes":238,"icon":239},"School\u002FWorkplace Accommodations","Essential","504 plans or IEPs (schools), ADA accommodations (work): extended time, reduced distractions, assistive tech.","Critical for functional success; legally protected","Neuropsychological testing often required for formal accommodations","ph:clipboard","CBd4zxZIYdZSWDgviv6M5dhdnKZd8Dy207T1ov_ZxlU"]