[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"assessment-swan":3,"all-assessments-nav":338,"related-assessments-query":985},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"category":319,"categoryTitle":320,"clinicalCitations":321,"copyright":319,"description":325,"disclaimer":319,"downloadLink":319,"extension":326,"faqs":319,"featured":327,"i18nReady":327,"icon":319,"interpreter":319,"lastReviewed":328,"meta":329,"navigation":330,"path":331,"permissionsNote":319,"published":330,"recommendedFrequency":319,"relatedCodes":319,"relatedConditions":319,"reviewedBy":319,"seo":332,"slug":333,"stem":334,"summary":335,"takeaways":319,"timeline":319,"type":336,"usedToDiagnose":319,"__hash__":337},"assessments\u002Fassessments\u002Fswan.md","SWAN: Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":305},"minimark",[9,14,18,21,25,28,35,41,45,52,128,134,138,148,151,155,158,180,183,187,204,208,211,237,241,252,257],[10,11,13],"h3",{"id":12},"about-the-swan","About the SWAN",[15,16,17],"p",{},"The Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior (SWAN) scale was developed by James Swanson and colleagues as a dimensional alternative to traditional ADHD symptom severity scales. Unlike most ADHD measures, which ask only about symptom presence or frequency, the SWAN frames each item relative to the full range of typical behavior, capturing both strengths and weaknesses.",[15,19,20],{},"This approach reflects a neurodevelopmental and dimensional conceptualization of ADHD: symptoms exist on a continuum with normal behavior, and both below-average and above-average functioning on attention and activity regulation have clinical relevance.",[10,22,24],{"id":23},"what-the-swan-measures","What the SWAN Measures",[15,26,27],{},"The SWAN contains 18 items corresponding to the 18 DSM diagnostic criteria for ADHD, grouped into two subscales:",[15,29,30,34],{},[31,32,33],"strong",{},"Inattention subscale (9 items)","\nCovers attention regulation, task persistence, organization, listening, and following instructions.",[15,36,37,40],{},[31,38,39],{},"Hyperactivity-Impulsivity subscale (9 items)","\nCovers activity level, ability to sit still, impulse control, waiting, and turn-taking.",[10,42,44],{"id":43},"rating-format","Rating Format",[15,46,47,48,51],{},"Each item is rated on a ",[31,49,50],{},"7-point bipolar scale",":",[53,54,55,68],"table",{},[56,57,58],"thead",{},[59,60,61,65],"tr",{},[62,63,64],"th",{},"Score",[62,66,67],{},"Anchor",[69,70,71,80,88,96,104,112,120],"tbody",{},[59,72,73,77],{},[74,75,76],"td",{},"+3",[74,78,79],{},"Far above average",[59,81,82,85],{},[74,83,84],{},"+2",[74,86,87],{},"Above average",[59,89,90,93],{},[74,91,92],{},"+1",[74,94,95],{},"Slightly above average",[59,97,98,101],{},[74,99,100],{},"0",[74,102,103],{},"Average",[59,105,106,109],{},[74,107,108],{},"-1",[74,110,111],{},"Slightly below average",[59,113,114,117],{},[74,115,116],{},"-2",[74,118,119],{},"Below average",[59,121,122,125],{},[74,123,124],{},"-3",[74,126,127],{},"Far below average",[15,129,130,133],{},[31,131,132],{},"Lower (more negative) scores indicate greater ADHD-related impairment."," Higher (positive) scores reflect strength or above-average regulation.",[10,135,137],{"id":136},"scoring","Scoring",[15,139,140,143,144,147],{},[31,141,142],{},"Total score range",": -54 to +54\n",[31,145,146],{},"Subscale score range",": -27 to +27",[15,149,150],{},"Mean scores below -1.0 per item are considered clinically elevated. The dimensional nature of the SWAN allows for continuous score analysis rather than categorical cutoffs, which is advantageous in research contexts.",[10,152,154],{"id":153},"format-versions","Format Versions",[15,156,157],{},"The SWAN is available in:",[159,160,161,168,174],"ul",{},[162,163,164,167],"li",{},[31,165,166],{},"Parent-report",": For children and adolescents (approximately ages 5–18)",[162,169,170,173],{},[31,171,172],{},"Teacher-report",": Cross-setting assessment for school-age children",[162,175,176,179],{},[31,177,178],{},"Self-report",": Validated for adolescents and adults (Vajsz et al., 2024)",[15,181,182],{},"Multi-informant administration is recommended for clinical assessment of ADHD in children.",[10,184,186],{"id":185},"psychometric-properties","Psychometric Properties",[159,188,189,192,195,198,201],{},[162,190,191],{},"Good internal consistency for both subscales (Cronbach's α ≈ 0.88–0.96)",[162,193,194],{},"Confirmatory factor analysis supports the two-factor (inattention\u002Fhyperactivity-impulsivity) structure",[162,196,197],{},"Strong convergent validity with the Conners Rating Scales and ADHD Rating Scale-IV",[162,199,200],{},"The dimensional structure is consistent across gender and informant (Trejo et al., 2023)",[162,202,203],{},"Validated in German (Schulz-Zhecheva et al., 2017), Chinese, and Hungarian samples",[10,205,207],{"id":206},"clinical-applications","Clinical Applications",[15,209,210],{},"The SWAN is appropriate for:",[159,212,213,219,225,231],{},[162,214,215,218],{},[31,216,217],{},"Diagnostic evaluation",": As a complement to clinical interview and cognitive assessment for ADHD",[162,220,221,224],{},[31,222,223],{},"Treatment monitoring",": Sensitive to medication and behavioural intervention effects",[162,226,227,230],{},[31,228,229],{},"Research",": Dimensional scoring facilitates correlation and regression analyses",[162,232,233,236],{},[31,234,235],{},"Adult ADHD",": The self-report version provides developmentally appropriate assessment for adults",[10,238,240],{"id":239},"clinical-considerations","Clinical Considerations",[159,242,243,246,249],{},[162,244,245],{},"The SWAN's bipolar format may be unfamiliar to some raters; brief instructions on the scale's meaning are recommended",[162,247,248],{},"Positive scores on strength items can inform strengths-based treatment planning",[162,250,251],{},"As with all ADHD measures, SWAN results should be interpreted alongside functional history and direct observation",[253,254,256],"h2",{"id":255},"references","References",[159,258,259,267,281,293],{},[162,260,261,262,266],{},"Swanson JM, Schuck S, Porter MM, et al. (2012). Categorical and dimensional definitions and evaluations of symptoms of ADHD: History of the SNAP and the SWAN Rating Scales. ",[263,264,265],"em",{},"International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment",", 10(1), 51–70.",[162,268,269,270,273,274],{},"Schulz-Zhecheva Y, Voelkle M, Beauducel A, et al. (2017). ADHD Traits in German School-Aged Children: Validation of the German Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHS Symptoms and Normal Behavior (SWAN-DE) Scale. ",[263,271,272],{},"Journal of Attention Disorders",", 21(4), 327–339. PMID: ",[275,276,280],"a",{"href":277,"rel":278},"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F28043193\u002F",[279],"nofollow","28043193",[162,282,283,284,287,288],{},"Trejo S, Andaverde-Vega AA, Villalobos-Gallegos L, et al. (2023). Factor structure, measurement invariance, and scoring practices of the strengths and weaknesses of ADHD-symptoms and normal behavior. ",[263,285,286],{},"Psychological Assessment",", 35(3), 286–296. 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